Sensibilidad antimicótica de diferentes especies de hongos aislados de pacientes con micosis ungueal en la ciudad de Manizales (Caldas, Colombia).
Titulo:

Sensibilidad antimicótica de diferentes especies de hongos aislados de pacientes con micosis ungueal en la ciudad de Manizales (Caldas, Colombia).
.

Sumario:

La micosis ungueal es la principal causa de lesión ungueal y afecta entre el 2,5 y el14% de la población; la elección del tratamiento se basa principalmente en la identificación del agente causal por cultivo; la enfermedad tiene una alta tasa de resistencia y recurrencia terapéutica definidas como falta de aclaramiento de al menos el 25% de la uña o al aislamiento del hongo, determinable solo hasta el final del tratamiento o meses después. La prueba de sensibilidad antifúngica no se ha establecido como un método rutinario de laboratorio, su implementación podría reducir los riesgos de toxicidad por medicamentos innecesariamente instaurados, elevar la tasa de respuesta al tratamiento, medir la tasa de resistencia de los hongos a los antifúng... Ver más

Guardado en:

Biosalud

1657-9550

2462-960X

Pérez Cárdenas, Jorge Enrique

Hoyos Zuluaga, Ana María

Cárdenas Henao, Carolina

UNIVERSIDAD DE CALDAS

11

2022-03-17

26

39

Colombia

Dermatofitos

levaduras

Hongos no dermatofitos

Fluconazol

Itraconazol

Terbinafina

onicomicosis

Revista Biosalud - 2012

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http://purl.org/coar/access_right/c_abf2

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spelling Sensibilidad antimicótica de diferentes especies de hongos aislados de pacientes con micosis ungueal en la ciudad de Manizales (Caldas, Colombia).
Antimycotic sensitivity of different isolated fungi species in patients with the onychomycosis in Manizales-Caldas-Colombia
La micosis ungueal es la principal causa de lesión ungueal y afecta entre el 2,5 y el14% de la población; la elección del tratamiento se basa principalmente en la identificación del agente causal por cultivo; la enfermedad tiene una alta tasa de resistencia y recurrencia terapéutica definidas como falta de aclaramiento de al menos el 25% de la uña o al aislamiento del hongo, determinable solo hasta el final del tratamiento o meses después. La prueba de sensibilidad antifúngica no se ha establecido como un método rutinario de laboratorio, su implementación podría reducir los riesgos de toxicidad por medicamentos innecesariamente instaurados, elevar la tasa de respuesta al tratamiento, medir la tasa de resistencia de los hongos a los antifúngicos disponibles, utilizar antimicóticos frente a los cuales sí haya sensibilidad por parte del agente micótico y reducir costos de terapia. Objetivo: Determinar la sensibilidad in vitro de tres fármacos antifúngicos en los agentes etiológicos aislados de lesiones micóticas ungueales. Tipo de estudio: Descriptivo. Población de referencia: Adultos con diagnóstico clínico de micosis ungueal de la ciudad de Manizales (Caldas, Colombia) de quienes se aislaron diferentes especies de agentes micóticos. Materiales y Métodos: Para la realización de los ensayos con los antifúngicos se emplearon los métodos propuestos por el CLSI en los protocolos M27-A2 y M27-S3 para levaduras y el M38-A2 para hongos miceliales. Se hizo análisis estadístico mediante el programa SPSS, aplicando el test de Student para el análisis de frecuencias y pruebas no paramétricas para el análisis de los resultados obtenidos con los antifúngicos. Resultados obtenidos: Los dermatofitos (T. rubrum, T. mentagrophytes y T. tonsurans) mostraron mayor sensibilidad a terbinafina e itraconazol con MIC50 de 0,0156 ug/ml y 0,0625 ug/ml, respectivamente. Las levaduras y hongos miceliales no dermatofitos tuvieron elevadas concentraciones inhibitorias mínimas para los tres fármacos. La mayor tasa de resistencia in vitro (fluconazol 100%, terbinafina 25%, itraconazol 67%) se observó en el grupo de los hongos miceliales no dermatofitos (Fusarium spp., Penicillium spp., Helmintosporium spp., Aspergillus spp.,  Acremonium spp. y Scopulariopsis spp.). Conclusiones: Aunque no existen hasta la fecha puntos de corte aplicables a la práctica clínica, ni es clara la correlación de los resultados con el desenlace clínico, la estandarización del test de sensibilidad antifúngica in vitro abre la posibilidad de hacer comparaciones con otros estudios y vigilancia de resistencias emergentes.
The onychomycosis is the main cause of nail injury and affects between 2.5 and 14% of the population; the election of treatment is based primarily on the identification of the causative agent by culture. The disease has a high rate of recurrence and therapeutic resistance defined by lack of clearance of at least 25% of the nail or the isolation of fungus, determinable only until the end of treatment or months later. Antifungal susceptibility testing has not been established as a routine laboratory method; its implementation could reduce the risk of drug toxicity by unnecessary administration, raise the rate of response to treatment, measure the rate of resistance of fungi to antifungal agents available, use of antifungal against which there is sensitivity by the mycotic agent and reduce costs. Objective: To determine the in vitro susceptibility of three antifungal drugs in etiologic agents isolated from fungal nail lesions. Study type: Descriptive. Reference population: Adults with a clinical diagnosis of nail mycosis in the city of Manizales, Caldas, Colombia from whom different species of mycotic agents were isolated. Materials and Methods: To perform tests with antifungal agents, the methods proposed by the CLSI in the M27-A2 and M27-S3 protocols for yeasts and M38-A2 for mycelial fungi were used. The statistical analysis was done using the SPSS program, applying Student's test for frequency analysis and non-parametric tests for the results obtained with antifungals.  Results: The dermatophytes (T. rubrum, T. mentagrophytes and T. tonsurans) showed increased sensitivity to terbinafine and itraconazole with MIC50 of 0.0156 mg/ml and 0.0625 mg/ml respectively. Yeasts and no dermatophytes mycelial fungi had elevated MICs for all three drugs. The highest rate of resistance in vitro  (fluconazole 100%, terbinafine 25%, itraconazole 67%) was observed in the group of non-dermatophyte filamentous fungi (Fusarium spp.,  Penicillium spp., Helminthosporium spp., Aspergillus spp., Scopulariopsis spp. and Acremonium spp.).  Conclusions: Although to date breakpoints applicable to clinical practice do not exist and clear correlation of the results with the clinical outcome is not clear either, the standardization of the antifungal susceptibility test in vitro opens the possibility to make comparisons with other studies and surveillance of emerging resistance.
Pérez Cárdenas, Jorge Enrique
Hoyos Zuluaga, Ana María
Cárdenas Henao, Carolina
Dermatofitos
levaduras
Hongos no dermatofitos
Fluconazol
Itraconazol
Terbinafina
onicomicosis
Dermatophytes
yeast
nodermatophytes molds
onychomycosis
itraconazole
terbinafine
fluconazole
11
2
Núm. 2 , Año 2012 : Julio - Diciembre
Artículo de revista
Journal article
2022-03-17T00:36:43Z
2022-03-17T00:36:43Z
2022-03-17
application/pdf
Universidad de Caldas
Biosalud
1657-9550
2462-960X
https://revistasojs.ucaldas.edu.co/index.php/biosalud/article/view/4711
https://revistasojs.ucaldas.edu.co/index.php/biosalud/article/view/4711
spa
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/
Revista Biosalud - 2012
26
39
Schlefman B. Onychomycosis: A compendium of facts and a clinical experience. The Journal of Foot & Ankle Surgery 1999; 38:290-302.
Nunley KS, Cornelius L. Current management of onychomycosis. Journal of Hand Surg 2008; 33A:1211-1214.
Gupta AK, Albreski D. The use of the new oral antifungal agents, Itraconazole, Terbinafine, and Fluconazole, to treat onychomycosis and other dermatomycoses. Current Problems in Dermatology 2001; 13:213-48.
Cordeiro RA, Brilhante RS, Rocha MF, Rabenhorsch SH, Moreira JL, Grangeiro TB, Sidrim JJ. Antifungal susceptibility and genetic similarity of sequential isolates of Trichophyton rubrum from an immunocompetent patient with chronic dermatophytosis. Clinical Experimental Dermatology 2006; 31:122-24.
Roberts DT, Taylor WS, Boyle J. Guidelines for treatment of onychomycosis. British Journal of Dermatology 2003; 148:402-410.
Darkes MJM, Scott LJ, Goa KI. Terbinafine. A review of its use in onychomycosis in adults. American Journal of Dermatology 2003; 4:39-65.
Ghannoum MA, Hajjeh RA, Scher R, Konnikov N, Gupta AK, Summerbell R, et al. A large-scale North American study of fungal isolates from nails: The frequency of onychomycosis, fungal distribution, and antifungal susceptibility patterns. Journal of American Academy of Dermatology 2000; 43: 641-8.
Isaza C, Isaza G, Fuentes J, Marulanda T. Antimicóticos. En: Isaza C, Isaza G, Fuentes J, Marulanda T, editores. Fundamentos de farmacología en terapeútica. Pereira, Colombia: Postergraph; 2002. p. 459-466.
Masis CM, Gutiérrez RF. Antifungal drug resistance to azoles and polyenes. Lancet infections diseases, 2002; 2:550-63.
Debruyne D, Coquerel A. Pharmacokinetics of antifungal agents in onychomycoses. Clinical Pharmacokinetics 2001; 40:441-472.
Buitrago GE. Dermatomicosis en población de Manizales. Biomédica 1994; 14:77-84.
Pérez JE, Cárdenas C, Hoyos AM. Características clínicas, epidemiológicas y microbiológicas de la onicomicosis en un laboratorio de referencia, Manizales (Caldas), 2009. Infectio 2011; 15:168-176.
Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute. Reference Method for broth dilution antifungal susceptibility testing of yeast; approved Standard-third edition, 2008a. M27-A3. Vol. 28, No. 14.
Clinical and laboratory Standards Institute. Reference method for broth dilution antifungal susceptibility testing of yeast; Third informational Supplement, 2008b. M27-S3. Vol. 28, No. 15.
Clinical and laboratory Standards Institute. Reference method for broth dilution antifungal susceptibility testing of filamentous fungi; Approved Standard-Second edition, 2008c. M38-A2. Vol. 28, No. 16.
Ghannoum MA, Chaturvedi V, Espinel-Ingroff A, Pfaller MA, Rinaldi MG, Lee-Yang W, et al. Intra- and Interlaboratory Study of a Method for Testing the Antifungal Susceptibilities of Dermatophytes. Journal of Clinical Microbiology 2004; 42:2977-2979.
Ghannoum MA, Arthington-Skaggs B, Chaturvedi V, Espinel-Ingroff A, Pfaller MA, Rennie R, et al. Interlaboratory Study of Quality Control Isolates for a Broth Microdilution Method (Modified CLSI M38-A) for Testing Susceptibilities of Dermatophytes to Antifungals. Journal of Clinical Microbiology 2006; 44:4353-4356.
Rodríguez-Tudela JL, Alcázar-Fouli L, Cuesta I, Alastruey-Izquierdo A, Monzón A, Mellado E, et al. Clinical relevance of resistance of antifungals. International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents 2008; 32:S111-S113.
Liao R, Dunne WM. Current concepts in antifungal susceptibility testing. Part I. Clinical Microbiology Newsletter 2003; 25:177-181.
Karaca N, Koç N. In vitro susceptibility testing of dermatophytes: comparison of disk diffusion and reference broth dilution methods. Diagnostic Microbiology and Infectious Disease 2004; 48:259-264.
Silva Barros ME, Soares Hamdan J. Determination of susceptibility-resistance to antifungal drugs of Trichophyton mentagrophytes isolates by a macrodilution method. Canadian Journal of Microbiology 2005; 51:983-987.
Carrillo AJ, Guisiano G, Cárdenes D, Hernández JM, Eraso E, Quindós G, et al. Terbinafine susceptibility patterns for onychomycosis-causative dermatophytes and Scopulariopsis brevicaulis. International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents 2008; 31:540-543.
Faergemann J, Zehender H, Denouel J, Millerioux L. Levels of terbinafine in plasma, stratum corneum, dermis-epidermis (without stratum corneum), sebum, hair and nails during and after 250 mg terbinafine orally once per day for four weeks. Acta Dermato-Venereologica 1993; 73:205-209.
Schatz FF, Bräutigam MM, Dobrowolski EE, Effendy II, Haberl HH, Mensing HH, et al. Nail incorporation kinetics of terbinafine in onychomycosis patients. Clinical and Experimental Dermatology 1995; 20:377-383.
Bueno JG, Martínez C, Zapata B, Sanclemente G, Gallego M, Mesa C. In vitro activity of fluconazole, itraconazole, voriconazole and terbinafine against fungi causing onychomycosis. Clinical and Experimental Dermatology 2009; 35:658-663.
Carrillo-Muñoz AJ, Giusiano G, Guarro J, Quindós G, Guardia C, del Valle O, et al. In vitro activity of voriconazole against dermatophytes, Scopulariopsis brevicaulis and other opportunistic fungi as agents of onychomycosis. International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents 2007; 30:157-161.
Elewski BE. Onychomycosis: pathogenesis, diagnosis and management. Clinical Microbiology Reviews 1998; 11:415-429.
Bassetti M, Righi E, Costa A, Fasce R, Molinari MP, Rosso R, et al. Epidemiological trends in nosocomial candidemia in intensive care. BMC Infect Diseases 2006; 6:21.
Gupta AK, Ryder JE, Summerbell RC. The diagnosis of nondermatophyte mold onychomycosis. International Journal of Dermatology 2003; 42:272-273.
Garg S, Naidu J, Singh SM, Nawange SR, Jharia N, Saxena M. In vitro activity of terbinafine against Indian clinical isolates of Candida albicans and non-albicans using a macrodilution method. Journal de Mycologie Médicale 2006; 16:119-125.
Kiraz N, Dag I, Oz Y, Yamac M, Kiremitci A, Kasifoglu, N. Correlation between broth microdilution and disk diffusion methods for antifungal susceptibility testing of caspofungin, voriconazole, amphotericin B, itraconazole and fluconazole against Candida glabrata. Journal of Microbiological Methods 2010; 82:136-140.
Krcmery V, Barnes AJ. Non-albicans Candida spp. Causing fungaemia: pathogenicity and antifungal resistance. Journal of Hospital Infection 2002; 50:243-260.
Rogers TR. Antifungal drug resistance: limited data, dramatic impact? International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents 2006; 27S:S7-S11.
Moreno G, Arenas R. Other fungi causing Onychomycosis. Clinics in Dermatology 2010; 28:160-163.
Malani AN, Kauffman CA. Changing epidemiology of Rare mould infections. Implications for Therapy. Drugs 2007; 67:1803-1812.
Castro N, Casas C, Sopo L, Del Portillo P, Cepero MC, Restrepo S. Fusarium species detected in onychomycosis in Colombia. Mycoses 2008; 12:350-356.
Evans EGV. Causative pathogens in onychomycosis and the possibility of treatment resistance: A review. J Am Acad Dermatol 1998; 38:S32-6.
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Text
Publication
institution UNIVERSIDAD DE CALDAS
thumbnail https://nuevo.metarevistas.org/UNIVERSIDADDECALDAS/logo.png
country_str Colombia
collection Biosalud
title Sensibilidad antimicótica de diferentes especies de hongos aislados de pacientes con micosis ungueal en la ciudad de Manizales (Caldas, Colombia).
spellingShingle Sensibilidad antimicótica de diferentes especies de hongos aislados de pacientes con micosis ungueal en la ciudad de Manizales (Caldas, Colombia).
Pérez Cárdenas, Jorge Enrique
Hoyos Zuluaga, Ana María
Cárdenas Henao, Carolina
Dermatofitos
levaduras
Hongos no dermatofitos
Fluconazol
Itraconazol
Terbinafina
onicomicosis
Dermatophytes
yeast
nodermatophytes molds
onychomycosis
itraconazole
terbinafine
fluconazole
title_short Sensibilidad antimicótica de diferentes especies de hongos aislados de pacientes con micosis ungueal en la ciudad de Manizales (Caldas, Colombia).
title_full Sensibilidad antimicótica de diferentes especies de hongos aislados de pacientes con micosis ungueal en la ciudad de Manizales (Caldas, Colombia).
title_fullStr Sensibilidad antimicótica de diferentes especies de hongos aislados de pacientes con micosis ungueal en la ciudad de Manizales (Caldas, Colombia).
title_full_unstemmed Sensibilidad antimicótica de diferentes especies de hongos aislados de pacientes con micosis ungueal en la ciudad de Manizales (Caldas, Colombia).
title_sort sensibilidad antimicótica de diferentes especies de hongos aislados de pacientes con micosis ungueal en la ciudad de manizales (caldas, colombia).
title_eng Antimycotic sensitivity of different isolated fungi species in patients with the onychomycosis in Manizales-Caldas-Colombia
description La micosis ungueal es la principal causa de lesión ungueal y afecta entre el 2,5 y el14% de la población; la elección del tratamiento se basa principalmente en la identificación del agente causal por cultivo; la enfermedad tiene una alta tasa de resistencia y recurrencia terapéutica definidas como falta de aclaramiento de al menos el 25% de la uña o al aislamiento del hongo, determinable solo hasta el final del tratamiento o meses después. La prueba de sensibilidad antifúngica no se ha establecido como un método rutinario de laboratorio, su implementación podría reducir los riesgos de toxicidad por medicamentos innecesariamente instaurados, elevar la tasa de respuesta al tratamiento, medir la tasa de resistencia de los hongos a los antifúngicos disponibles, utilizar antimicóticos frente a los cuales sí haya sensibilidad por parte del agente micótico y reducir costos de terapia. Objetivo: Determinar la sensibilidad in vitro de tres fármacos antifúngicos en los agentes etiológicos aislados de lesiones micóticas ungueales. Tipo de estudio: Descriptivo. Población de referencia: Adultos con diagnóstico clínico de micosis ungueal de la ciudad de Manizales (Caldas, Colombia) de quienes se aislaron diferentes especies de agentes micóticos. Materiales y Métodos: Para la realización de los ensayos con los antifúngicos se emplearon los métodos propuestos por el CLSI en los protocolos M27-A2 y M27-S3 para levaduras y el M38-A2 para hongos miceliales. Se hizo análisis estadístico mediante el programa SPSS, aplicando el test de Student para el análisis de frecuencias y pruebas no paramétricas para el análisis de los resultados obtenidos con los antifúngicos. Resultados obtenidos: Los dermatofitos (T. rubrum, T. mentagrophytes y T. tonsurans) mostraron mayor sensibilidad a terbinafina e itraconazol con MIC50 de 0,0156 ug/ml y 0,0625 ug/ml, respectivamente. Las levaduras y hongos miceliales no dermatofitos tuvieron elevadas concentraciones inhibitorias mínimas para los tres fármacos. La mayor tasa de resistencia in vitro (fluconazol 100%, terbinafina 25%, itraconazol 67%) se observó en el grupo de los hongos miceliales no dermatofitos (Fusarium spp., Penicillium spp., Helmintosporium spp., Aspergillus spp.,  Acremonium spp. y Scopulariopsis spp.). Conclusiones: Aunque no existen hasta la fecha puntos de corte aplicables a la práctica clínica, ni es clara la correlación de los resultados con el desenlace clínico, la estandarización del test de sensibilidad antifúngica in vitro abre la posibilidad de hacer comparaciones con otros estudios y vigilancia de resistencias emergentes.
description_eng The onychomycosis is the main cause of nail injury and affects between 2.5 and 14% of the population; the election of treatment is based primarily on the identification of the causative agent by culture. The disease has a high rate of recurrence and therapeutic resistance defined by lack of clearance of at least 25% of the nail or the isolation of fungus, determinable only until the end of treatment or months later. Antifungal susceptibility testing has not been established as a routine laboratory method; its implementation could reduce the risk of drug toxicity by unnecessary administration, raise the rate of response to treatment, measure the rate of resistance of fungi to antifungal agents available, use of antifungal against which there is sensitivity by the mycotic agent and reduce costs. Objective: To determine the in vitro susceptibility of three antifungal drugs in etiologic agents isolated from fungal nail lesions. Study type: Descriptive. Reference population: Adults with a clinical diagnosis of nail mycosis in the city of Manizales, Caldas, Colombia from whom different species of mycotic agents were isolated. Materials and Methods: To perform tests with antifungal agents, the methods proposed by the CLSI in the M27-A2 and M27-S3 protocols for yeasts and M38-A2 for mycelial fungi were used. The statistical analysis was done using the SPSS program, applying Student's test for frequency analysis and non-parametric tests for the results obtained with antifungals.  Results: The dermatophytes (T. rubrum, T. mentagrophytes and T. tonsurans) showed increased sensitivity to terbinafine and itraconazole with MIC50 of 0.0156 mg/ml and 0.0625 mg/ml respectively. Yeasts and no dermatophytes mycelial fungi had elevated MICs for all three drugs. The highest rate of resistance in vitro  (fluconazole 100%, terbinafine 25%, itraconazole 67%) was observed in the group of non-dermatophyte filamentous fungi (Fusarium spp.,  Penicillium spp., Helminthosporium spp., Aspergillus spp., Scopulariopsis spp. and Acremonium spp.).  Conclusions: Although to date breakpoints applicable to clinical practice do not exist and clear correlation of the results with the clinical outcome is not clear either, the standardization of the antifungal susceptibility test in vitro opens the possibility to make comparisons with other studies and surveillance of emerging resistance.
author Pérez Cárdenas, Jorge Enrique
Hoyos Zuluaga, Ana María
Cárdenas Henao, Carolina
author_facet Pérez Cárdenas, Jorge Enrique
Hoyos Zuluaga, Ana María
Cárdenas Henao, Carolina
topicspa_str_mv Dermatofitos
levaduras
Hongos no dermatofitos
Fluconazol
Itraconazol
Terbinafina
onicomicosis
topic Dermatofitos
levaduras
Hongos no dermatofitos
Fluconazol
Itraconazol
Terbinafina
onicomicosis
Dermatophytes
yeast
nodermatophytes molds
onychomycosis
itraconazole
terbinafine
fluconazole
topic_facet Dermatofitos
levaduras
Hongos no dermatofitos
Fluconazol
Itraconazol
Terbinafina
onicomicosis
Dermatophytes
yeast
nodermatophytes molds
onychomycosis
itraconazole
terbinafine
fluconazole
citationvolume 11
citationissue 2
citationedition Núm. 2 , Año 2012 : Julio - Diciembre
publisher Universidad de Caldas
ispartofjournal Biosalud
source https://revistasojs.ucaldas.edu.co/index.php/biosalud/article/view/4711
language spa
format Article
rights https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/
Revista Biosalud - 2012
info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess
http://purl.org/coar/access_right/c_abf2
references Schlefman B. Onychomycosis: A compendium of facts and a clinical experience. The Journal of Foot & Ankle Surgery 1999; 38:290-302.
Nunley KS, Cornelius L. Current management of onychomycosis. Journal of Hand Surg 2008; 33A:1211-1214.
Gupta AK, Albreski D. The use of the new oral antifungal agents, Itraconazole, Terbinafine, and Fluconazole, to treat onychomycosis and other dermatomycoses. Current Problems in Dermatology 2001; 13:213-48.
Cordeiro RA, Brilhante RS, Rocha MF, Rabenhorsch SH, Moreira JL, Grangeiro TB, Sidrim JJ. Antifungal susceptibility and genetic similarity of sequential isolates of Trichophyton rubrum from an immunocompetent patient with chronic dermatophytosis. Clinical Experimental Dermatology 2006; 31:122-24.
Roberts DT, Taylor WS, Boyle J. Guidelines for treatment of onychomycosis. British Journal of Dermatology 2003; 148:402-410.
Darkes MJM, Scott LJ, Goa KI. Terbinafine. A review of its use in onychomycosis in adults. American Journal of Dermatology 2003; 4:39-65.
Ghannoum MA, Hajjeh RA, Scher R, Konnikov N, Gupta AK, Summerbell R, et al. A large-scale North American study of fungal isolates from nails: The frequency of onychomycosis, fungal distribution, and antifungal susceptibility patterns. Journal of American Academy of Dermatology 2000; 43: 641-8.
Isaza C, Isaza G, Fuentes J, Marulanda T. Antimicóticos. En: Isaza C, Isaza G, Fuentes J, Marulanda T, editores. Fundamentos de farmacología en terapeútica. Pereira, Colombia: Postergraph; 2002. p. 459-466.
Masis CM, Gutiérrez RF. Antifungal drug resistance to azoles and polyenes. Lancet infections diseases, 2002; 2:550-63.
Debruyne D, Coquerel A. Pharmacokinetics of antifungal agents in onychomycoses. Clinical Pharmacokinetics 2001; 40:441-472.
Buitrago GE. Dermatomicosis en población de Manizales. Biomédica 1994; 14:77-84.
Pérez JE, Cárdenas C, Hoyos AM. Características clínicas, epidemiológicas y microbiológicas de la onicomicosis en un laboratorio de referencia, Manizales (Caldas), 2009. Infectio 2011; 15:168-176.
Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute. Reference Method for broth dilution antifungal susceptibility testing of yeast; approved Standard-third edition, 2008a. M27-A3. Vol. 28, No. 14.
Clinical and laboratory Standards Institute. Reference method for broth dilution antifungal susceptibility testing of yeast; Third informational Supplement, 2008b. M27-S3. Vol. 28, No. 15.
Clinical and laboratory Standards Institute. Reference method for broth dilution antifungal susceptibility testing of filamentous fungi; Approved Standard-Second edition, 2008c. M38-A2. Vol. 28, No. 16.
Ghannoum MA, Chaturvedi V, Espinel-Ingroff A, Pfaller MA, Rinaldi MG, Lee-Yang W, et al. Intra- and Interlaboratory Study of a Method for Testing the Antifungal Susceptibilities of Dermatophytes. Journal of Clinical Microbiology 2004; 42:2977-2979.
Ghannoum MA, Arthington-Skaggs B, Chaturvedi V, Espinel-Ingroff A, Pfaller MA, Rennie R, et al. Interlaboratory Study of Quality Control Isolates for a Broth Microdilution Method (Modified CLSI M38-A) for Testing Susceptibilities of Dermatophytes to Antifungals. Journal of Clinical Microbiology 2006; 44:4353-4356.
Rodríguez-Tudela JL, Alcázar-Fouli L, Cuesta I, Alastruey-Izquierdo A, Monzón A, Mellado E, et al. Clinical relevance of resistance of antifungals. International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents 2008; 32:S111-S113.
Liao R, Dunne WM. Current concepts in antifungal susceptibility testing. Part I. Clinical Microbiology Newsletter 2003; 25:177-181.
Karaca N, Koç N. In vitro susceptibility testing of dermatophytes: comparison of disk diffusion and reference broth dilution methods. Diagnostic Microbiology and Infectious Disease 2004; 48:259-264.
Silva Barros ME, Soares Hamdan J. Determination of susceptibility-resistance to antifungal drugs of Trichophyton mentagrophytes isolates by a macrodilution method. Canadian Journal of Microbiology 2005; 51:983-987.
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publishDate 2022-03-17
date_accessioned 2022-03-17T00:36:43Z
date_available 2022-03-17T00:36:43Z
url https://revistasojs.ucaldas.edu.co/index.php/biosalud/article/view/4711
url_doi https://revistasojs.ucaldas.edu.co/index.php/biosalud/article/view/4711
issn 1657-9550
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citationstartpage 26
citationendpage 39
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