Aspectos ecológicos y distribución geográfica de carrangenophytas
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Las especies carragenófitas están definidas como macroalgas miembro del Phylum Rodophyta, Clase Rodophyceae, Subclase Florideophycidae, Orden Gigartinales. Las especies de mayor importancia comercial a nivel internacional son de los géneros Betaphycus, Eucheuma y Kappaphycus; y a nivel nacional especies de los géneros Gigartina, Mazzaella y Sarcothalia. Debido a su importancia comercial, el género Gigartina, ha sido objeto de investigaciones como: Ecología de las poblaciones de las costas estuarinas y abiertas de la especie del noreste del Atlántico; ha sido investigado por Mathieson y Tveter (1976) con relación a las cantidades y calidad de su carragenina. Estudios de las respuestas a fotoperíodos (Guiry, 1984; Guiry et al., 1984) han iden... Ver más
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Aspectos ecológicos y distribución geográfica de carrangenophytas Ecological aspects and geographic distribution of carrangenophytas Las especies carragenófitas están definidas como macroalgas miembro del Phylum Rodophyta, Clase Rodophyceae, Subclase Florideophycidae, Orden Gigartinales. Las especies de mayor importancia comercial a nivel internacional son de los géneros Betaphycus, Eucheuma y Kappaphycus; y a nivel nacional especies de los géneros Gigartina, Mazzaella y Sarcothalia. Debido a su importancia comercial, el género Gigartina, ha sido objeto de investigaciones como: Ecología de las poblaciones de las costas estuarinas y abiertas de la especie del noreste del Atlántico; ha sido investigado por Mathieson y Tveter (1976) con relación a las cantidades y calidad de su carragenina. Estudios de las respuestas a fotoperíodos (Guiry, 1984; Guiry et al., 1984) han identificado "ventanas" reproductivas, sugiriendo que las explicaciones de multiplicación vegetativa son cada vez más exclusivas, a diferencia de la producción y gametangial o tetrasporangial, en las poblaciones de las altas latitudes de una especie europea generalizada. La determinación genética de los patrones de ramificación y límites de tolerancia a la temperatura se han establecido para varias especies de (Guiry et al., 1987.; Buschmann, 2001). La viabilidad del cultivo de especies en sustratos&nbsp;artificiales ha sido evaluada por Mumford y Waaland&nbsp;(1980), y demostró tener potencial comercial. Este género&nbsp;tiene distribución en todo el mundo en mares templados a&nbsp;fríos, sin embargo, muy pocas especies ocurren en las&nbsp;regiones subtropicales. Los centros de diversidad de&nbsp;especies particularmente rica son California, Japón, Nueva&nbsp;Zelanda, Chile y Sudáfrica (Guiry, M.D &amp; Guiry, G.M.&nbsp;2011). Abstract The carragenophytas species are defined as macro-algae,&nbsp;members of the Phylum Rodophyta, Rodophyceae Class,&nbsp;Florideophycidae Subclass, Gigartinales Order. The most&nbsp;important commercial species at the international level are&nbsp;the Betaphycus, Eucheuma and Kappaphycus genera and&nbsp;at the national level the species belonging to the Gigartina,&nbsp;Mazzaella and Sarcothalia genera.&nbsp;Because of its commercial importance, the Gigartina genus&nbsp;has been the object of investigations such as: Ecology of&nbsp;populations in estuaries and open coast in the North-East&nbsp;Atlantic species; it has been studied by Mathieson and&nbsp;Tveter (1976) in relation with its carragenine quantity and&nbsp;quality. Studies about the response to photoperiods&nbsp;(Guiry, 1984; Guiry et al., 1984) have identified&nbsp;reproductive “windows” suggesting that the explanations&nbsp;for vegetative multiplication are more exclusive each time,&nbsp;different from gametangial or tetra-sporangial production in&nbsp;populations of high latitudes from a generalized European&nbsp;species.&nbsp;Genetic determination of ramification patterns and&nbsp;tolerance limits to temperature has been established for&nbsp;several species (Guiry et al., 1987; Buschmann, 2001).&nbsp;Species cultivation viability in artificial substrates has been&nbsp;evaluated by Mumford y Waaland (1980), and it showed&nbsp;commercial potential. This genus has distribution&nbsp;worldwide in warm and cold seas. However, very few&nbsp;species happen in subtropical regions. The particularly&nbsp;rich species biodiversity centers are California, Japan, New&nbsp;Zealand, Chile y South Africa (Guiry, M.D &amp; Guiry, G.M.&nbsp;2011). Salazar Sánchez, Margarita Del R. Gigartina carragenofitas tetrasporas carposporas Gigartine carragenophytas tetra spores carpospores 35 Núm. 35 , Año 2012 : Julio - Diciembre Artículo de revista Journal article 2012-07-01T00:00:00Z 2012-07-01T00:00:00Z 2012-07-01 application/pdf Universidad de Caldas Luna Azul 0122-5391 1909-2474 https://revistasojs.ucaldas.edu.co/index.php/lunazul/article/view/1733 https://revistasojs.ucaldas.edu.co/index.php/lunazul/article/view/1733 spa https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/ Luna Azul - 2015 266 281 Amimi, A.; Mouradi, A.; Givernaud, T.; Chiadmi, N.; & Lahaye, M. (2001). Structural analysis of Gigartina pistillata carrageenans (Gigartinaceae, Rhodophyta). Carbohydrate Research, 333(4): 271-279. Araujo, R.; Arenas, F.; Åberg, P.; Sousa-Pinto, I. & Serrão, E. A. (2012). The role of disturbance in differential regulation of co-occurring brown algae species: Interactive effects of sediment deposition, abrasion and grazing on algae recruits. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology, 422–423 (0): 1-8. Avila, M.; Candia, A.; Nuñez, M. & Romo, H. (1999). Reproductive biology of Gigartina skottsbergii (Gigartinaceae, Rhodophyta) from Chile. Hydrobiologia 398/399: 149–157. Bischoff-Bäsmann, B. & C. Wiencke. (1996). Temperature requirements for growth and survival of Antarctic Rhodophyta. J.Phycol. 32: 525–535. Bold, H.C.; Wynne, M.J. (1985). Introduction to the algae structure and reproduction, second ed., Prentice-Hall Inc., Englewood Cliffs, NJ, 07632, pp. 1–33. Buschmann, A.; Correa, J & Westermier, R. (1999). Recent advances in the undertandisng of biological basis for Gigartina skottsbergii (Rhodophyta) cultivation in Chile. Hydrobiologia 398/399: 427-434. _________, Correa, J.; Westermeier, R.; Paredes, M.; Aedo, D.; Potin, P.; Aroca, G.; Beltrán, J & Hernandez, M. 2001). Cultivation of Gigartina Skottsbergii (Gigartinales, Rhodophyta): Recent advances and challenges for future. Journal of Applied Phycology. 13: 255-266. Buschmann, A. H.; Correa, J. A.; Westermeier, R.; Hernández-González, M. a. d. C. & Norambuena, R. (2001). Red algal farming in Chile: a review. Aquaculture, 194 (3–4), 203-220. ____________ H.; Varela, D.; Cifuentes, M.; del Carmen Hernández-González, M.; Henríquez, L.; Westermeier, R. et al. (2004). Experimental indoor cultivation of the carrageenophytic red alga Gigartina skottsbergii. Aquaculture, 241(1–4), 357-370. Bussmann, W. G.; Malca, A.; Glenn, D.; Sharon, B.; Nilsen, B.; Parris, D.; Dubose, D.; Ruiz, J.; Saleda, M.; Martinez, L.; Carillo, K.; Walker, A.; Kuhlman & A. Townesmith. (2011). "Toxicity of medicinal plants used in traditional medicine in Northern Peru." Journal of Ethnopharmacology 137(1): 121-140. Carlucci, M.J.; Pujol, C.A.; Ciancia, M.; Noseda, M.D.; Matulewicz, M.C.; Damonte, E.B.; Cerezo, A.S. (1997). Antiherpetic and anticoagulant properties of carrageenans from the red seaweed Gigartina skottsbergii and their cyclized derivatives: correlation between structure and biological activity. Int.J. Biol. Macromol 20:97-105. __________ Ciancia, M.; Matulewicz, M.C.; Cerezo, A.S.; Damonte, E.B. (1999). Antiherpetic activity and mode of action of natural carrageenans of diverse structuraltypes. Antivir. Res. 43: 93-102. Cheney, D.P. (1999). Strain improvement of seaweeds through genetic manipulation: current status. World Aquaculture 30: 55–56; 66–67. Datta, S.; K. Mody, G.; Gopalsamy & B. Jha. (2010). Novel application of κ-carrageenan: As a gelling agent in microbiological media to study biodiversity of extreme alkaliphiles. Carbohydrate Polymers 85(2): 465-468. Dhargalkar, V.K., Verlecar, X.N., 2009. Southern Ocean seaweeds: a resource for exploration in food and drugs. Aquaculture 287. 229–242 Díaz, O.; Tapia, Y.; Muñoz, O.; Montoro, R.; Velez, D. & Almela, C. (2012). Total and inorganic arsenic concentration sin different species of economically important algae harvested from coastal zones of Chile. Food and Chemical Toxicology, 50(3–4). 744-749. Díaz-Pulido, G & Díaz-Ruíz. (2003). Diversity of benthic marine algae of the Colombian Athlantic. Biota Colombiana. 4 (2): 203-246. Eggert, A. (2012). Seaweed Responses to Temperature Seaweed Biology. In C. Wiencke & K. Bischof (Eds.), Vol. 219. pp. 47-66: Springer Berlin Heidelberg. El Gamal, A. A. (2010). Biological importance of marine algae.. Saudi Pharmaceutical Journal, 18(1), 1-25. Estevez, J.; Ciancia, M & Cerezo. A. (2003). Biosíntesis de carragenanos durante el ciclo de vida del alaga roja comercial Gigartina Skottsbergii (Gigartinaceae, Rhodophyta). Bol. Soc. Argent. Bot. 38 (supl.): p.152 Guiry, M.D. & Cunningham, E.M. (1983). Life history and hybridization in culture of Gigartina acicularis (Rhodophyta) from England and France. British Phycological Journal 18: 204 (abstract) Guiry, M.D. (1984). Photoperiodic and temperature responses in growth and tetrasporogenesis of Gigartina acicularis (Rhodophyta) from Ireland. Helgoländer Meeresunters, 38: 335-347. Guiry, M.D. & Guiry, G.M. (2011). AlgaeBase. World-wide electronic publication, National University of Ireland, Galway. http://www.algaebase.org. searched on 10 November 2011. Hernández - Gonzáles, M.; Buschman, A.; Cifuentes, M.; Correa, J.; Westermeier, R. (2007). Vegetative propagation of the carrageennophytic red alga Gigartina skottsbergii Setchell et Gardner: Indoor and field experiements. Aquaclture 262: 120-128. Hommersand, M., Fredericq, S., & Cabioch, J. (1992). Developmental morphology of Gigartina pistillata (Gigartinaceae, Rhodophyta). Phycologia, 31(3/4), 300- 325. Kim, D.H., (1976). A study of the development of cystocarps and tetrasporangial sori in Gigartinaceae, (Rhodophyta, Gigartinales). Nova Hedwigia 27: 1–146. Kumar, S.; Godiya, C.B. & Siddhanta, A. K. (2012). Carrageenan from Sarconema scinaioides (Gigartinales, Rhodophyta) of Indian waters. [doi: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2011.09.062]. Carbohydrate Polymers, 87(2), 1657-1662. Maschek, J. A.; Bucher, C. J.; Olphen, A.; Amsler, C. D.; McClintock, J. B. & Baker, B. J. (2011). The Pursuit of Potent Anti-influenza Activity from the Antarctic Red Marine Alga The Biological Activity of Phytochemicals. In D. R. Gang (Ed.) Vol. 41. pp. 1-12. Springer New York. McCandless, E.L.; Craigie, J.S. (1979) Sulfated polysaccharides in red and brown algae. Ann. Rev. Plant.Physiol. 30: 41- 53. McHugh, D.J. (2003) A guide to the seaweed industry. FAO Fish Biol Tech Pap 441:52–72 Monte-Luna, P.; Lluch-Belda, D.; Carmona, R.; ReyesBonilla, H.; Castro-Aguirre, J.; Serviere-Zaragoza, E. (2008). Extinciones en el mar: Mitos Y realidades. Interciencia, 33(1): 74-80. Ohata, K.; Mizushina, Y.; Hirata, N.; Sugawara, F.; Mutsukage, A.; Yoshida, S.; Sakaguchi, K. (1998). Sulphoquinovosy-ldiacylglycerol, KM043 a new potent inhibitor of eukaryotic DNA polymerases and HIV-reverse transcriptase type from a marine red alga Gigartina tenella. Chem. Pharm. Bull. 46: 684–686. Pacheco, I., Zertuche, J., Cabello, A & Brinkhuis, B. 1992. Growth responses and seasonal biomass vriation of Gigartina pectinata Dawson (Rhodophyta) in the gulf of California. Journal of experimental Marine Biology and Ecology. 157 (2): 263-274 Pereira, L.; Critchley, A.; Amado, A.; Ribeiro-Claro, P. (2009). A comparative analysis of phycocolloids produces by underutilized versus industrially utilized carrageenophytes (Gigartinales, Rhodophyta). J. Appl. Phycol. 21: 599-605 Pereira, L.& Van de Velde, F. (2011). "Portuguese carrageenophytes: Carrageenan composition and geographic distribution of eight species (Gigartinales, Rhodophyta)." Carbohydrate Polymers 84(1): 614-623. Piriz, M. L. (1996). Phenology of a Gigartina skottsbergii Setchell et Gardner population in Chubut Province (Argentina). Bot. mar. 39: 311–316. Rajapakse, N. & Kim, S.-K. (2011). Nutritional and Digestive Health Benefits of Seaweed. In K. Se-Kwon (Ed.). Advances in Food and Nutrition Research. Volume 64, pp. 17-28. Academic Press. Romo, H.; Avila, M & Candia, A. (2001). Manual de técnicas de cultivo y repoblación de “luga roja” (Gigartina skottsbergii). Proyecto FONDEF D97I1064. IFOPUniversidad de Concepción, Chile. pp. 32 Rudolph, B. (2000). Seaweed product: Red algae of economic significance, R.E. Martin, E.P.; Carter, L.M.; Davis, G.J.; Flich (Ed.). Marine and freshwater products handbook, Technomic Publishing Company Inc, Lancaster, USA. pp. 515–529 Samaraweera, A. M.; Vidanarachchi, J. K. & Kurukulasuriya, M. S. (2011). Industrial Applications of Macroalgae Handbook of Marine Macroalgae. pp. 500-521. John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Usov, A. I. (2011). Polysaccharides of the red algae. In H. Derek (Ed.), Advances in Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biochemistry. Vol. 65, pp. 115-217. Academic Press. Van de Velde, F.; de Ruiter G.A. (2002). Carrageenan. In: Vandamme, E.J.; Baets, S.D.; Steinbèuchel A (Eds) Biopolymers v 6 polysaccharides II. Polysaccharides from eukaryotes. Wiley, Weinheim. pp 245–274. _____________ (2008). Structure and function of hybrid carrageenans. Food Hydrocolloids, 22(5), 727-734. Vejar, P. (2009). Evaluación técnica y económica para el desarrollo de acuicultura en áreas de manejo y explotación de recursos bentónicos en la región de Lagos. Trabajo de grado. Universidad Austral de Chile. Escuela de acuicultura y Pesquerías. p. 91 Vo, T.S.; Ngo, D.H.; Ta, Q. V. & Kim, S.-K. (2011). Marine organisms as a therapeutic source against herpes simplex virus infection. European Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 44(1–2), 11-20. Waaland, J.R. (1979). Growth and strain selection in the marine alga Gigartina exasperata (Florideophyceae). Int. Seaweed Symp. 9: 241–247. Westermeier, R.; Patiño, D.; Murúa, P.; Quintanilla, J.; Correa, J.; Buschmann, A. et al. (2012). A pilot-scale study of the vegetative propagation and suspended cultivation of the carrageenophyte alga <i>Gigartina skottsbergii</i> in southern Chile. Journal of Applied Phycology. 24(1), 11-20. Wijesekara, I. R.; Pangestuti & S.-K. Kim. (2010). "Biological activities and potential health benefits of sulfated polysaccharides derived from marine algae." Carbohydrate Polymers 84(1): 14-21. Zamorano, J. & R. Westermeier, (1996). Phenology of Gigartina skottsbergii (Gigartinaceae, Rhodophyta) in Ancud Bay, southern Chile. Hydrobiologia, 326/327: 253– 258. Zinoun, M.; Cosson, J & Deslandes, E. (1993). Physicochemical characterization of carrageenan from Gigartina teedii (Rooth) Lamouroux (Gigartinales, Rhodophyta). Journal of Applied Phycology 5: 23-28 https://revistasojs.ucaldas.edu.co/index.php/lunazul/article/download/1733/1649 info:eu-repo/semantics/article http://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_6501 info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion http://purl.org/coar/version/c_970fb48d4fbd8a85 info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess http://purl.org/coar/access_right/c_abf2 Text Publication |
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UNIVERSIDAD DE CALDAS |
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Colombia |
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Luna Azul |
title |
Aspectos ecológicos y distribución geográfica de carrangenophytas |
spellingShingle |
Aspectos ecológicos y distribución geográfica de carrangenophytas Salazar Sánchez, Margarita Del R. Gigartina carragenofitas tetrasporas carposporas Gigartine carragenophytas tetra spores carpospores |
title_short |
Aspectos ecológicos y distribución geográfica de carrangenophytas |
title_full |
Aspectos ecológicos y distribución geográfica de carrangenophytas |
title_fullStr |
Aspectos ecológicos y distribución geográfica de carrangenophytas |
title_full_unstemmed |
Aspectos ecológicos y distribución geográfica de carrangenophytas |
title_sort |
aspectos ecológicos y distribución geográfica de carrangenophytas |
title_eng |
Ecological aspects and geographic distribution of carrangenophytas |
description |
Las especies carragenófitas están definidas como macroalgas miembro del Phylum Rodophyta, Clase Rodophyceae, Subclase Florideophycidae, Orden Gigartinales. Las especies de mayor importancia comercial a nivel internacional son de los géneros Betaphycus, Eucheuma y Kappaphycus; y a nivel nacional especies de los géneros Gigartina, Mazzaella y Sarcothalia. Debido a su importancia comercial, el género Gigartina, ha sido objeto de investigaciones como: Ecología de las poblaciones de las costas estuarinas y abiertas de la especie del noreste del Atlántico; ha sido investigado por Mathieson y Tveter (1976) con relación a las cantidades y calidad de su carragenina. Estudios de las respuestas a fotoperíodos (Guiry, 1984; Guiry et al., 1984) han identificado "ventanas" reproductivas, sugiriendo que las explicaciones de multiplicación vegetativa son cada vez más exclusivas, a diferencia de la producción y gametangial o tetrasporangial, en las poblaciones de las altas latitudes de una especie europea generalizada. La determinación genética de los patrones de ramificación y límites de tolerancia a la temperatura se han establecido para varias especies de (Guiry et al., 1987.; Buschmann, 2001). La viabilidad del cultivo de especies en sustratos&nbsp;artificiales ha sido evaluada por Mumford y Waaland&nbsp;(1980), y demostró tener potencial comercial. Este género&nbsp;tiene distribución en todo el mundo en mares templados a&nbsp;fríos, sin embargo, muy pocas especies ocurren en las&nbsp;regiones subtropicales. Los centros de diversidad de&nbsp;especies particularmente rica son California, Japón, Nueva&nbsp;Zelanda, Chile y Sudáfrica (Guiry, M.D &amp; Guiry, G.M.&nbsp;2011).
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description_eng |
Abstract
The carragenophytas species are defined as macro-algae,&nbsp;members of the Phylum Rodophyta, Rodophyceae Class,&nbsp;Florideophycidae Subclass, Gigartinales Order. The most&nbsp;important commercial species at the international level are&nbsp;the Betaphycus, Eucheuma and Kappaphycus genera and&nbsp;at the national level the species belonging to the Gigartina,&nbsp;Mazzaella and Sarcothalia genera.&nbsp;Because of its commercial importance, the Gigartina genus&nbsp;has been the object of investigations such as: Ecology of&nbsp;populations in estuaries and open coast in the North-East&nbsp;Atlantic species; it has been studied by Mathieson and&nbsp;Tveter (1976) in relation with its carragenine quantity and&nbsp;quality. Studies about the response to photoperiods&nbsp;(Guiry, 1984; Guiry et al., 1984) have identified&nbsp;reproductive “windows” suggesting that the explanations&nbsp;for vegetative multiplication are more exclusive each time,&nbsp;different from gametangial or tetra-sporangial production in&nbsp;populations of high latitudes from a generalized European&nbsp;species.&nbsp;Genetic determination of ramification patterns and&nbsp;tolerance limits to temperature has been established for&nbsp;several species (Guiry et al., 1987; Buschmann, 2001).&nbsp;Species cultivation viability in artificial substrates has been&nbsp;evaluated by Mumford y Waaland (1980), and it showed&nbsp;commercial potential. This genus has distribution&nbsp;worldwide in warm and cold seas. However, very few&nbsp;species happen in subtropical regions. The particularly&nbsp;rich species biodiversity centers are California, Japan, New&nbsp;Zealand, Chile y South Africa (Guiry, M.D &amp; Guiry, G.M.&nbsp;2011).
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author |
Salazar Sánchez, Margarita Del R. |
author_facet |
Salazar Sánchez, Margarita Del R. |
topicspa_str_mv |
Gigartina carragenofitas tetrasporas carposporas |
topic |
Gigartina carragenofitas tetrasporas carposporas Gigartine carragenophytas tetra spores carpospores |
topic_facet |
Gigartina carragenofitas tetrasporas carposporas Gigartine carragenophytas tetra spores carpospores |
citationissue |
35 |
citationedition |
Núm. 35 , Año 2012 : Julio - Diciembre |
publisher |
Universidad de Caldas |
ispartofjournal |
Luna Azul |
source |
https://revistasojs.ucaldas.edu.co/index.php/lunazul/article/view/1733 |
language |
spa |
format |
Article |
rights |
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/ Luna Azul - 2015 info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess http://purl.org/coar/access_right/c_abf2 |
references |
Amimi, A.; Mouradi, A.; Givernaud, T.; Chiadmi, N.; & Lahaye, M. (2001). Structural analysis of Gigartina pistillata carrageenans (Gigartinaceae, Rhodophyta). Carbohydrate Research, 333(4): 271-279. Araujo, R.; Arenas, F.; Åberg, P.; Sousa-Pinto, I. & Serrão, E. A. (2012). The role of disturbance in differential regulation of co-occurring brown algae species: Interactive effects of sediment deposition, abrasion and grazing on algae recruits. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology, 422–423 (0): 1-8. Avila, M.; Candia, A.; Nuñez, M. & Romo, H. (1999). Reproductive biology of Gigartina skottsbergii (Gigartinaceae, Rhodophyta) from Chile. Hydrobiologia 398/399: 149–157. Bischoff-Bäsmann, B. & C. Wiencke. (1996). Temperature requirements for growth and survival of Antarctic Rhodophyta. J.Phycol. 32: 525–535. Bold, H.C.; Wynne, M.J. (1985). Introduction to the algae structure and reproduction, second ed., Prentice-Hall Inc., Englewood Cliffs, NJ, 07632, pp. 1–33. Buschmann, A.; Correa, J & Westermier, R. (1999). Recent advances in the undertandisng of biological basis for Gigartina skottsbergii (Rhodophyta) cultivation in Chile. Hydrobiologia 398/399: 427-434. _________, Correa, J.; Westermeier, R.; Paredes, M.; Aedo, D.; Potin, P.; Aroca, G.; Beltrán, J & Hernandez, M. 2001). Cultivation of Gigartina Skottsbergii (Gigartinales, Rhodophyta): Recent advances and challenges for future. Journal of Applied Phycology. 13: 255-266. Buschmann, A. H.; Correa, J. A.; Westermeier, R.; Hernández-González, M. a. d. C. & Norambuena, R. (2001). Red algal farming in Chile: a review. Aquaculture, 194 (3–4), 203-220. ____________ H.; Varela, D.; Cifuentes, M.; del Carmen Hernández-González, M.; Henríquez, L.; Westermeier, R. et al. (2004). Experimental indoor cultivation of the carrageenophytic red alga Gigartina skottsbergii. Aquaculture, 241(1–4), 357-370. Bussmann, W. G.; Malca, A.; Glenn, D.; Sharon, B.; Nilsen, B.; Parris, D.; Dubose, D.; Ruiz, J.; Saleda, M.; Martinez, L.; Carillo, K.; Walker, A.; Kuhlman & A. Townesmith. (2011). "Toxicity of medicinal plants used in traditional medicine in Northern Peru." Journal of Ethnopharmacology 137(1): 121-140. Carlucci, M.J.; Pujol, C.A.; Ciancia, M.; Noseda, M.D.; Matulewicz, M.C.; Damonte, E.B.; Cerezo, A.S. (1997). Antiherpetic and anticoagulant properties of carrageenans from the red seaweed Gigartina skottsbergii and their cyclized derivatives: correlation between structure and biological activity. Int.J. Biol. Macromol 20:97-105. __________ Ciancia, M.; Matulewicz, M.C.; Cerezo, A.S.; Damonte, E.B. (1999). Antiherpetic activity and mode of action of natural carrageenans of diverse structuraltypes. Antivir. Res. 43: 93-102. Cheney, D.P. (1999). Strain improvement of seaweeds through genetic manipulation: current status. World Aquaculture 30: 55–56; 66–67. Datta, S.; K. Mody, G.; Gopalsamy & B. Jha. (2010). Novel application of κ-carrageenan: As a gelling agent in microbiological media to study biodiversity of extreme alkaliphiles. Carbohydrate Polymers 85(2): 465-468. Dhargalkar, V.K., Verlecar, X.N., 2009. Southern Ocean seaweeds: a resource for exploration in food and drugs. Aquaculture 287. 229–242 Díaz, O.; Tapia, Y.; Muñoz, O.; Montoro, R.; Velez, D. & Almela, C. (2012). Total and inorganic arsenic concentration sin different species of economically important algae harvested from coastal zones of Chile. Food and Chemical Toxicology, 50(3–4). 744-749. Díaz-Pulido, G & Díaz-Ruíz. (2003). Diversity of benthic marine algae of the Colombian Athlantic. Biota Colombiana. 4 (2): 203-246. Eggert, A. (2012). Seaweed Responses to Temperature Seaweed Biology. In C. Wiencke & K. Bischof (Eds.), Vol. 219. pp. 47-66: Springer Berlin Heidelberg. El Gamal, A. A. (2010). Biological importance of marine algae.. Saudi Pharmaceutical Journal, 18(1), 1-25. Estevez, J.; Ciancia, M & Cerezo. A. 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Phenology of Gigartina skottsbergii (Gigartinaceae, Rhodophyta) in Ancud Bay, southern Chile. Hydrobiologia, 326/327: 253– 258. Zinoun, M.; Cosson, J & Deslandes, E. (1993). Physicochemical characterization of carrageenan from Gigartina teedii (Rooth) Lamouroux (Gigartinales, Rhodophyta). Journal of Applied Phycology 5: 23-28 |
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