Actualización hipotiroidismo equino
Titulo:

Actualización hipotiroidismo equino
.

Sumario:

Objetivo: Realizar una actualización en hipotirodismo en equinos. Materiales y Métodos: Se analizó la literatura disponible de los últimos 50 años en las bases de datos BBCSLILACS, Fuente Académica, IB-PsycINFO, IB-SSCI, IB-SciELO, Scopus y Scirus, al igual que artículos históricos, textos y referencias citadas en trabajos públicos. Resultados: Se obtuvo información pertinente relacionada con los objetivos propuestos en la presente revisión, por lo cual puede clasificarse en 7 secciones a saber: etiología, signos clínicos, diagnóstico, factores que alteran las pruebas diagnósticas, síndrome de enfermedad no tiroi... Ver más

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Luna Azul

0122-5391

1909-2474

Ramírez Echeverry, Felipe

Osorio, José Henry

UNIVERSIDAD DE CALDAS

2013-01-01

348

366

Colombia

metabolismo

hormona tiroidea

Equinos

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Luna Azul - 2013

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spelling Actualización hipotiroidismo equino
 Himler, M.; Cattaneo, A.; Barsnick R.J. et al. (2010). Thyroid hormones in healthy, sick nonseptic and septic foals [Research Abstract Program of the 2010 ACVIM Forum]. J Vet Intern Med, 24, 784.
 Malinowski, K.; Christensen, R.A.; Hafs, R.D. & Scanes, CG. (1996). Age and breed differences in thyroid hormones, insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-I and IGF binding proteins in female horses. J Anim Sci, 74, 1936-1942.
 Kavazis, A.N.; Kivipelto, J. & Ott, E.A.(2002). Supplementation of broodmares with copper, zinc, iron, manganese, cobalt, iodine, and selenium. Equine Vet J, 22(10), 460-464.
 Johnson, P.J. (2002). The equine metabolic syndrome Peripheral Cushing’s syndrome. Vet Clin Equine, 18, 271-293.  Johnson, P.J.; Messer, N.T.; Slight, H.S.; Wiedmeyer, C.; Buff, P. & Ganjam, V.K. (2004). Endocrinopathic Laminitis in the Horse. Vet Clin Equine, 3(1), 45-56.
 Johnson, C.A. (2002). Thyroid Issues in Reproduction. Clin Tech Small Anim Pract, 17(3), 129-132.
 Irvine CHG, Evans MJ. (1975) Postnatal changes in total and free thyroxine and triiodothyronine in foal serum. J Reprod Fertil Suppl, 23,709.
 Hyypp, S. (2005). Endocrinal responses in exercising horses. Livestock Production Science, 92, 113-121.
 Hurcombe, S.D. (2011). Hypothalamic-Pituitary gland axis function and disfunction in horses. Vet Clin Equine, 27, 1-17.
 Hulbert, A.J. (2000). Thyroid hormones and their effects: a new perspective. Biol. Rev., 75, 519-631.
 Glover, C.M.; Miller, L.M.; Dybdal, N.O.; López, A.; Duckett, W.M. & McFarlane, D. (2009). Extrapituitary and Pituitary Pathological Findings in Horses with Pituitary Pars Intermedia Dysfunction: A Retrospective Study. Equine Vet J, 29(3), 146-153.
 McLaughlin, B.G.; Doige, C.E. & McLaughlin, P.S. (1986). Thyroid-hormone levels in foals with congenital musculoskeletal lesions. Can Vet J, 27, 264-7.
 Geor, R.J. (2010). Nutrition and Exercise in the Management of Horses and Ponies at High Risk for Laminitis. Equine Vet J, 30(9), 463-470.
 Geor, R.J. (2008). Metabolic Predispositions to Laminitis in Horses and Ponies: Obesity, Insulin Resistance and Metabolic Syndromes. Equine Vet J, 28(12), 753-759.
 Furr, M.O.; Murray, M.J. & Ferguson, D.C. (1992). The effects of stress on gastric ulceration, T3, T4, reverse T3 and cortisol in neonatal foals. Equine Vet J, 24, 37-40.
 Frank, N.; Sommardah, C.S.; Eiler, H.; Webb, L.L. & Denhart, J.W. (2005). Effects of oral administration of levothyroxine sodium on concentrations of plasma lipids, concentration and composition of very-lowdensity lipoproteins, and glucose dynamics in healthy adult mares. Am J Vet Res, 66(6), 1032-1038.
 Frank, N.; Sojka, J. & Messer, N.T. (2002). Equine thyroid dysfunction. Vet Clin Equine, 18, 305-319.
 Frank, N.; Sojka, J.E.; Latour, M.A. et al. (1999). Effect of Hypothyroidism on blood lipid concentrations in horses. Am J vet Res, 60, 730-733.
 Frank, N. (2009). Equine Metabolic Syndrome. Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract, 29(5), 239-255.
 Fitzgerald, B.P. & Davison, LA. (1998). Thyroxine concentrations are elevated in mares which continue to exhibit estrous cycles during the nonbreeding season. Equine Vet J, 18 (1), 48-51.
 Ferguson, D.C. (1988). The effect of nonthyroidal factors on thyroid function tests in dogs. Comp Contin Educ Pract Vet, 10(12), 1365-77.
 McLaughlin, B.G. & Doige, C.E. (1982). A Study of Ossification of Carpal and Tarsal Bones in Normal and Hypothyroid Foals. Can Vet J, 23, 164-168.
 Medica, P.; Cravana, C.; Fazio, E. & Ferlazzo, A. (2011). 24-hour endocrine profiles of quarter horses under resting conditions. Equine Vet J, 31, 35-40.
 Evans MJ, Irvine CH. (1975). Serum concentrations of FSH, LH and progesterone during the oestrous cycle and early pregnancy in the mare. Journal of Reproduction and Fertility. 23:193-200.
 Toribio, R.E. & Duckett, W.M. (2004). Equine Internal Medicine. 2da ed. Estados Unidos de América: Saunders; 2004. p. 1342-1355.
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 Warner, M.H. & Beckett, G.J. (2010). Mechanisms behind the non-thyroidal illness syndrome: an update. J Endocrinol, 205, 1-13.
 Walsh, D.N.; McGowan, C.M.; McGowan, T.; Lamb, S.V.; Schanbacher, B.J. & Place, N.J. (2009). Correlation of Plasma Insulin Concentration with Laminitis Score in a Field Study of Equine Cushing’s Disease and Equine Metabolic Syndrome. Equine Vet J, 29(2), 87-94.
 Toribio, R.E. (2011). Endocrine dysregulation in critically ill foals and horses. Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract, 27(1), 35-47.
 Messer N.T. & Johnson, P.J. (2007). Evidence-Based Literature Pertaining to Thyroid Dysfunction and Cushing’s Syndrome in the Horse. Vet Clin Equine, 23,329-364.
 Tahboub, R. & Arafah, B.M. (2009). Sex steroids and the thyroid. Best Pract Res Clin Endocrinol Metab, 23(6),769-780.
 Symonds, M.E. (1995). Thyroid hormones and nutrient supplementation during pregnancy. Equine Vet Educ, 7(5), 246-8.
 Sojka, J.E. (1993). Factors which affect serum T3 and T4 levels in the horse. Equine Pract, 15(10), 15-9.
 Rudi’s, P.; R´onai, Z. & Bartha, T. (2005). Thyroid hormone metabolism in the brain of domestic animals. Domest Anim Endocrinol, 29, 88-96.
 Roser, J.F. (2008). Regulation of testicular function in the stallion: An intricate network of endocrine, paracrine and autocrine systems. Anim Reprod Sci, 107, 179-196.
 Nicassio, M.; Aiudi, G.; Silvestre, F.; Matarrese, R.; De Sandro, A.S. & Lacalandra, G.M. (2008). Free thyroid hormone and cortisol levels in stallions during the breeding season. J Anim Sci, 107(3-4), 335-336.
 Murray, M.J. (1990). Hypothyroidism and respiratory insufficiency in aneonatal foal. J Am Vet Med Assoc, 197(12), 1635-8.
 Messer, N.T.; Riddle, T.; Traub-Dargatz J.L.; Dargatz, D.A.; Refsal, K.J.; Thompson, D.L. (1998). Thyroid Hormone Levels in Thoroughbred Mares and Their Foals at Parturition. Proceedings of the Annual Convention of the AAEP. 44: 248-251.
 Messer, N.T.; Johnson, P.J.; Refsal, K.R. et al. (1995). Effect of food deprivation on baseline iodothyronine and cortisol concentrations in healthy, adult horses. Am J Vet Res, 56(1), 116-21.
 Fazio, E.; Medica, P.; Cravana, C.; Messineo, C. Ferlazzo, A. (2007). Total and free iodothyronine levels of growing Thoroughbred foals: Effects of weaning and gender. Livestock Science, 110(3), 207-213.
 Duckett WM. (1989). Thyroid gland. Equine internal medicine. 917–923.
Publication
Luna Azul - 2013
Núm. 36 , Año 2013 : Enero - Junio
Artículo de revista
metabolismo
hormona tiroidea
Equinos
application/pdf
Universidad de Caldas
Luna Azul
Ramírez Echeverry, Felipe
 Durham, A. (2010). The Pharmacologic Basis for the Treatment of Endocrinopathic Laminitis. Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract, 26(1), 115-128.
https://revistasojs.ucaldas.edu.co/index.php/lunazul/article/view/1602
Osorio, José Henry
Español
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/
36
Objetivo: Realizar una actualización en hipotirodismo en equinos. Materiales y Métodos: Se analizó la literatura disponible de los últimos 50 años en las bases de datos BBCSLILACS, Fuente Académica, IB-PsycINFO, IB-SSCI, IB-SciELO, Scopus y Scirus, al igual que artículos históricos, textos y referencias citadas en trabajos públicos. Resultados: Se obtuvo información pertinente relacionada con los objetivos propuestos en la presente revisión, por lo cual puede clasificarse en 7 secciones a saber: etiología, signos clínicos, diagnóstico, factores que alteran las pruebas diagnósticas, síndrome de enfermedad no tiroidea, prevención y tratamiento. Conclusión: El hipotiroidismo una de las alteraciones endocrinas más comunes en los equinos, los signos clínicos son muy característicos incluyendo letargia, retraso en el crecimiento, debilidad e incoordinación. El método diagnóstico más exacto es la medición de las concentraciones de T4L en suero por diálisis. La levotiroxina sódica continúa siendo el tratamiento de elección para el hipotiroidismo en equinos.
 Breuhaus, B.A. (2011). Disorders of the Equine Thyroid Gland. Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract, 27(1), 115-128.
 Douglas, R. (1999). Circadian cortisol rhythmicity and equine cushing's-like disease. Equine Vet J, 19(11), 684, 750-751, 753.
 Divers, J.T. (2008). Endocrine Testing in Horses: Metabolic Syndrome and Cushing’s Disease. Equine Vet J, 28(5), 315-316.
 De Groot LJ. (2006).Non-thyroidal illness syndrome is a manifestation of hypothalamicpituitary dysfunction, and in view of current evidence, should be treated with appropriate replacement therapies. Crit Care Clin, 22,57-86.
 De Groot, L.J. (1999). Dangerous dogmas in medicine: the nonthyroidal illness syndrome. J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 84, 151-64.
 Christensen, R.A.; Malinowski, K.; Massenzio, A.M.; Hafs, H.D. & Scanes, CG. (1997). Acute effects of short-term feed deprivation and refeeding on circulating concentrations of metabolites, insulin-like growth factori, insulin-like growth factor binding proteins, somatotropin, and thyroid hormones in adult geldings. JAnim Sci, 75, 1351-1358.
 Breuhaus, B.A. & LaFevers, D.H. (2005). Thyroid function in normal, sick and premature Foals [abstract]. J Vet Intern Med, 19, 445.
 Boosinger, T.R.; Brendemuehl, J.P.; Bransby, D.L. et al. (1995). Prolonged gestation, decreased triiodothyronine concentration, and thyroid gland histomorphologic features in newborn foals of mares grazing Acremonion coenophialum-infected fescue. Am J Vet Res, 56, 66-9.
 Berger, M.M.; Reymond, M.J.; Shenkin, A. et al. (2001). Influence of selenium supplements on the posttraumatic alterations of the thyroid axis: a placebocontrolled trial. Intensive Care Med, 27, 91-100.
 Beech, J. (1998). Disorder s of thyroid gland function. In: Watson, T. (ed.). Metabolic and endocrine problems of the horse (pp. 69-74). Philadelphia: WB Saunders.
 Barsnick, R.J. ; Toribio, R.E. (2011). Endocrinology of the equine neonate energy metabolism in health and critical illness. Vet Clin Equine, 27, 49-58.
 Baragli, P.; Sgorbini, M.; Casini, L.; Ducci, M. & Sighieri, C. (2011). Early Evidence of the Anticipatory Response of Plasma Catecholamine in Equine Exercise. Equine Vet J, 31, 85-88.
 Allen, A.L.; Townsend, H.G.; Doige, C.E. & Fretz, P.B. (1996). A case-control study of the congenital hypothyroidism and dysmaturity syndrome of foals. Can Vet J, 37, 349-358.
 Ahmed, O.M., El-Gareib, A.W.; El-Bakry, A.M.; Abd ElTawab, S.M. & Ahmed, R.G. (2008). Thyroid hormones states and brain development interactions. Int. J. Devl Neuroscience, 26, 147-209.
 Abraham, G.; Allersmeier, M.; Schusser, G.F. & Ungemach, F.R. (2011). Serum thyroid hormone, insulin, glucose, triglycerides and protein concentrations in normal horses: Association with topical dexamethasone usage. Vet J, 188, 307-312.
thyroid hormone
Equines
Abstract Objective: To carry out an update on equines hypothyroidism. Material and Methods: Available literature from the last 50 years included in the  BCS-LILACS, Fuente Académica, IBPsycINFO, IB-SSCI, IB-SciELO, Scopus and Scirus, data base as well as historical articles, texts and references cited in work published to date were analyzed. Results: Important information related to the objectives proposed in the present review were found and analyzed. It was then divided in seven sections as follows: etiology, clinical signs, diagnosis, factors which alter the diagnostic tests, no thyroid disease syndrome, prevention and treatment. Conclusion: Hypothyroidism is one of the most common lterations in equines; clinical signs are very Luna Azul ISSN 1909-2474 No. 36, enero - junio 2013 ©Universidad de Caldas revista.luna.azúl. 2013; 36: 348-366 characteristic including lethargy, failure to thrive, debility and lack of coordination problems. The most exact diagnostic method is serum measurement of T4L concentration per dialysis. Levothyroxine sodium continues to be the ideal treatment for equine hypothyroidism.
Equine hypothyroidism update
metabolism
Journal article
https://revistasojs.ucaldas.edu.co/index.php/lunazul/article/download/1602/1520
2013-01-01T00:00:00Z
2013-01-01T00:00:00Z
2013-01-01
0122-5391
https://revistasojs.ucaldas.edu.co/index.php/lunazul/article/view/1602
348
366
1909-2474
institution UNIVERSIDAD DE CALDAS
thumbnail https://nuevo.metarevistas.org/UNIVERSIDADDECALDAS/logo.png
country_str Colombia
collection Luna Azul
title Actualización hipotiroidismo equino
spellingShingle Actualización hipotiroidismo equino
Ramírez Echeverry, Felipe
Osorio, José Henry
metabolismo
hormona tiroidea
Equinos
thyroid hormone
Equines
metabolism
title_short Actualización hipotiroidismo equino
title_full Actualización hipotiroidismo equino
title_fullStr Actualización hipotiroidismo equino
title_full_unstemmed Actualización hipotiroidismo equino
title_sort actualización hipotiroidismo equino
title_eng Equine hypothyroidism update
description Objetivo: Realizar una actualización en hipotirodismo en equinos. Materiales y Métodos: Se analizó la literatura disponible de los últimos 50 años en las bases de datos BBCSLILACS, Fuente Académica, IB-PsycINFO, IB-SSCI, IB-SciELO, Scopus y Scirus, al igual que artículos históricos, textos y referencias citadas en trabajos públicos. Resultados: Se obtuvo información pertinente relacionada con los objetivos propuestos en la presente revisión, por lo cual puede clasificarse en 7 secciones a saber: etiología, signos clínicos, diagnóstico, factores que alteran las pruebas diagnósticas, síndrome de enfermedad no tiroidea, prevención y tratamiento. Conclusión: El hipotiroidismo una de las alteraciones endocrinas más comunes en los equinos, los signos clínicos son muy característicos incluyendo letargia, retraso en el crecimiento, debilidad e incoordinación. El método diagnóstico más exacto es la medición de las concentraciones de T4L en suero por diálisis. La levotiroxina sódica continúa siendo el tratamiento de elección para el hipotiroidismo en equinos.
description_eng Abstract Objective: To carry out an update on equines hypothyroidism. Material and Methods: Available literature from the last 50 years included in the  BCS-LILACS, Fuente Académica, IBPsycINFO, IB-SSCI, IB-SciELO, Scopus and Scirus, data base as well as historical articles, texts and references cited in work published to date were analyzed. Results: Important information related to the objectives proposed in the present review were found and analyzed. It was then divided in seven sections as follows: etiology, clinical signs, diagnosis, factors which alter the diagnostic tests, no thyroid disease syndrome, prevention and treatment. Conclusion: Hypothyroidism is one of the most common lterations in equines; clinical signs are very Luna Azul ISSN 1909-2474 No. 36, enero - junio 2013 ©Universidad de Caldas revista.luna.azúl. 2013; 36: 348-366 characteristic including lethargy, failure to thrive, debility and lack of coordination problems. The most exact diagnostic method is serum measurement of T4L concentration per dialysis. Levothyroxine sodium continues to be the ideal treatment for equine hypothyroidism.
author Ramírez Echeverry, Felipe
Osorio, José Henry
author_facet Ramírez Echeverry, Felipe
Osorio, José Henry
topicspa_str_mv metabolismo
hormona tiroidea
Equinos
topic metabolismo
hormona tiroidea
Equinos
thyroid hormone
Equines
metabolism
topic_facet metabolismo
hormona tiroidea
Equinos
thyroid hormone
Equines
metabolism
citationissue 36
citationedition Núm. 36 , Año 2013 : Enero - Junio
publisher Universidad de Caldas
ispartofjournal Luna Azul
source https://revistasojs.ucaldas.edu.co/index.php/lunazul/article/view/1602
language Español
format Article
rights http://purl.org/coar/access_right/c_abf2
info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess
Luna Azul - 2013
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/
references  Himler, M.; Cattaneo, A.; Barsnick R.J. et al. (2010). Thyroid hormones in healthy, sick nonseptic and septic foals [Research Abstract Program of the 2010 ACVIM Forum]. J Vet Intern Med, 24, 784.
 Malinowski, K.; Christensen, R.A.; Hafs, R.D. & Scanes, CG. (1996). Age and breed differences in thyroid hormones, insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-I and IGF binding proteins in female horses. J Anim Sci, 74, 1936-1942.
 Kavazis, A.N.; Kivipelto, J. & Ott, E.A.(2002). Supplementation of broodmares with copper, zinc, iron, manganese, cobalt, iodine, and selenium. Equine Vet J, 22(10), 460-464.
 Johnson, P.J. (2002). The equine metabolic syndrome Peripheral Cushing’s syndrome. Vet Clin Equine, 18, 271-293.  Johnson, P.J.; Messer, N.T.; Slight, H.S.; Wiedmeyer, C.; Buff, P. & Ganjam, V.K. (2004). Endocrinopathic Laminitis in the Horse. Vet Clin Equine, 3(1), 45-56.
 Johnson, C.A. (2002). Thyroid Issues in Reproduction. Clin Tech Small Anim Pract, 17(3), 129-132.
 Irvine CHG, Evans MJ. (1975) Postnatal changes in total and free thyroxine and triiodothyronine in foal serum. J Reprod Fertil Suppl, 23,709.
 Hyypp, S. (2005). Endocrinal responses in exercising horses. Livestock Production Science, 92, 113-121.
 Hurcombe, S.D. (2011). Hypothalamic-Pituitary gland axis function and disfunction in horses. Vet Clin Equine, 27, 1-17.
 Hulbert, A.J. (2000). Thyroid hormones and their effects: a new perspective. Biol. Rev., 75, 519-631.
 Glover, C.M.; Miller, L.M.; Dybdal, N.O.; López, A.; Duckett, W.M. & McFarlane, D. (2009). Extrapituitary and Pituitary Pathological Findings in Horses with Pituitary Pars Intermedia Dysfunction: A Retrospective Study. Equine Vet J, 29(3), 146-153.
 McLaughlin, B.G.; Doige, C.E. & McLaughlin, P.S. (1986). Thyroid-hormone levels in foals with congenital musculoskeletal lesions. Can Vet J, 27, 264-7.
 Geor, R.J. (2010). Nutrition and Exercise in the Management of Horses and Ponies at High Risk for Laminitis. Equine Vet J, 30(9), 463-470.
 Geor, R.J. (2008). Metabolic Predispositions to Laminitis in Horses and Ponies: Obesity, Insulin Resistance and Metabolic Syndromes. Equine Vet J, 28(12), 753-759.
 Furr, M.O.; Murray, M.J. & Ferguson, D.C. (1992). The effects of stress on gastric ulceration, T3, T4, reverse T3 and cortisol in neonatal foals. Equine Vet J, 24, 37-40.
 Frank, N.; Sommardah, C.S.; Eiler, H.; Webb, L.L. & Denhart, J.W. (2005). Effects of oral administration of levothyroxine sodium on concentrations of plasma lipids, concentration and composition of very-lowdensity lipoproteins, and glucose dynamics in healthy adult mares. Am J Vet Res, 66(6), 1032-1038.
 Frank, N.; Sojka, J. & Messer, N.T. (2002). Equine thyroid dysfunction. Vet Clin Equine, 18, 305-319.
 Frank, N.; Sojka, J.E.; Latour, M.A. et al. (1999). Effect of Hypothyroidism on blood lipid concentrations in horses. Am J vet Res, 60, 730-733.
 Frank, N. (2009). Equine Metabolic Syndrome. Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract, 29(5), 239-255.
 Fitzgerald, B.P. & Davison, LA. (1998). Thyroxine concentrations are elevated in mares which continue to exhibit estrous cycles during the nonbreeding season. Equine Vet J, 18 (1), 48-51.
 Ferguson, D.C. (1988). The effect of nonthyroidal factors on thyroid function tests in dogs. Comp Contin Educ Pract Vet, 10(12), 1365-77.
 McLaughlin, B.G. & Doige, C.E. (1982). A Study of Ossification of Carpal and Tarsal Bones in Normal and Hypothyroid Foals. Can Vet J, 23, 164-168.
 Medica, P.; Cravana, C.; Fazio, E. & Ferlazzo, A. (2011). 24-hour endocrine profiles of quarter horses under resting conditions. Equine Vet J, 31, 35-40.
 Evans MJ, Irvine CH. (1975). Serum concentrations of FSH, LH and progesterone during the oestrous cycle and early pregnancy in the mare. Journal of Reproduction and Fertility. 23:193-200.
 Toribio, R.E. & Duckett, W.M. (2004). Equine Internal Medicine. 2da ed. Estados Unidos de América: Saunders; 2004. p. 1342-1355.
 Warner, M.H. & Beckett, G.J. (2010). Mechanisms behind the non-thyroidal illness syndrome: an update. J Endocrinol, 205, 1-13.
 Walsh, D.N.; McGowan, C.M.; McGowan, T.; Lamb, S.V.; Schanbacher, B.J. & Place, N.J. (2009). Correlation of Plasma Insulin Concentration with Laminitis Score in a Field Study of Equine Cushing’s Disease and Equine Metabolic Syndrome. Equine Vet J, 29(2), 87-94.
 Toribio, R.E. (2011). Endocrine dysregulation in critically ill foals and horses. Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract, 27(1), 35-47.
 Messer N.T. & Johnson, P.J. (2007). Evidence-Based Literature Pertaining to Thyroid Dysfunction and Cushing’s Syndrome in the Horse. Vet Clin Equine, 23,329-364.
 Tahboub, R. & Arafah, B.M. (2009). Sex steroids and the thyroid. Best Pract Res Clin Endocrinol Metab, 23(6),769-780.
 Symonds, M.E. (1995). Thyroid hormones and nutrient supplementation during pregnancy. Equine Vet Educ, 7(5), 246-8.
 Sojka, J.E. (1993). Factors which affect serum T3 and T4 levels in the horse. Equine Pract, 15(10), 15-9.
 Rudi’s, P.; R´onai, Z. & Bartha, T. (2005). Thyroid hormone metabolism in the brain of domestic animals. Domest Anim Endocrinol, 29, 88-96.
 Roser, J.F. (2008). Regulation of testicular function in the stallion: An intricate network of endocrine, paracrine and autocrine systems. Anim Reprod Sci, 107, 179-196.
 Nicassio, M.; Aiudi, G.; Silvestre, F.; Matarrese, R.; De Sandro, A.S. & Lacalandra, G.M. (2008). Free thyroid hormone and cortisol levels in stallions during the breeding season. J Anim Sci, 107(3-4), 335-336.
 Murray, M.J. (1990). Hypothyroidism and respiratory insufficiency in aneonatal foal. J Am Vet Med Assoc, 197(12), 1635-8.
 Messer, N.T.; Riddle, T.; Traub-Dargatz J.L.; Dargatz, D.A.; Refsal, K.J.; Thompson, D.L. (1998). Thyroid Hormone Levels in Thoroughbred Mares and Their Foals at Parturition. Proceedings of the Annual Convention of the AAEP. 44: 248-251.
 Messer, N.T.; Johnson, P.J.; Refsal, K.R. et al. (1995). Effect of food deprivation on baseline iodothyronine and cortisol concentrations in healthy, adult horses. Am J Vet Res, 56(1), 116-21.
 Fazio, E.; Medica, P.; Cravana, C.; Messineo, C. Ferlazzo, A. (2007). Total and free iodothyronine levels of growing Thoroughbred foals: Effects of weaning and gender. Livestock Science, 110(3), 207-213.
 Duckett WM. (1989). Thyroid gland. Equine internal medicine. 917–923.
 Durham, A. (2010). The Pharmacologic Basis for the Treatment of Endocrinopathic Laminitis. Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract, 26(1), 115-128.
 Breuhaus, B.A. (2011). Disorders of the Equine Thyroid Gland. Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract, 27(1), 115-128.
 Douglas, R. (1999). Circadian cortisol rhythmicity and equine cushing's-like disease. Equine Vet J, 19(11), 684, 750-751, 753.
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