Titulo:
Comportamiento de ganado vacuno de carne después de diferentes estrategias de cosecha de maíz en un sistema integrado agropecuario
.
Sumario:
El objetivo fue evaluar tres estrategias de cosecha de maíz intercalado con guandú y pasto Palisade sobre el desempeño animal desde el pastoreo hasta la finalización en un confinamiento. Se estableció un triple intercalado de maíz + guandú + pasto Palisade en nueve hectáreas durante la temporada 2016/17. Los tratamientos se determinaron de acuerdo a cada estrategia de cosecha de maíz: ensilaje integral, maíz de alta humedad o maíz en grano. Este último no se cosechó por el bajo rendimiento y las dificultades para alquilar una cosechadora para solo tres ha. Después de la cosecha, el área de 9 hectáreas se dividió en seis corrales de 1,5 hectáreas para la fase de pastoreo del experimento con 30 novillos Nelore no castrados. Los mismos animale... Ver más
Guardado en:
2027-4297
15
2023-10-24
e978
e978
Beatriz Ligoski Cabral, Tiago do Prado Paim, Estenio Moreira Alves, Lucas Ferreira Gonçalves, Lorena Martins Oliveira, Matheus Silva Rodrigues, Rowberta Teixeira dos Santos, Eduardo de Carvalho - 2023
Esta obra está bajo una licencia internacional Creative Commons Atribución 4.0.
info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess
http://purl.org/coar/access_right/c_abf2
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metarevistapublica_unisucre_revistacolombianadecienciaanimal_recia_86_article_978 |
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Comportamiento de ganado vacuno de carne después de diferentes estrategias de cosecha de maíz en un sistema integrado agropecuario Performance of beef animals after different corn harvest strategies in a crop-livestock integrated system El objetivo fue evaluar tres estrategias de cosecha de maíz intercalado con guandú y pasto Palisade sobre el desempeño animal desde el pastoreo hasta la finalización en un confinamiento. Se estableció un triple intercalado de maíz + guandú + pasto Palisade en nueve hectáreas durante la temporada 2016/17. Los tratamientos se determinaron de acuerdo a cada estrategia de cosecha de maíz: ensilaje integral, maíz de alta humedad o maíz en grano. Este último no se cosechó por el bajo rendimiento y las dificultades para alquilar una cosechadora para solo tres ha. Después de la cosecha, el área de 9 hectáreas se dividió en seis corrales de 1,5 hectáreas para la fase de pastoreo del experimento con 30 novillos Nelore no castrados. Los mismos animales fueron alimentados con dietas de confinamiento a base de tres fuentes de maíz siguiendo la misma estrategia de cosecha (tratamientos): ensilaje integral, maíz de alta humedad o maíz en grano. Durante la fase de pastoreo, el área que se suponía que sería cosechada para maíz en grano resultó en la mayor (p≤0.05) carga animal (3.02 unidad ganadera/hectárea) y ganancia de peso por área (210 kg corporal/ hectárea) en comparación con ensilaje integral y maíz de alta humedad. No hubo efecto (p≥0.05) de la fuente de maíz sobre la tasa de conversión alimenticia, el crecimiento del peso corporal, el grosor de la grasa subcutánea, el peso corporal antes del sacrificio, el peso de la canal caliente y rendimiento de la canal durante la fase de confinamiento. The objective of this experiment was to evaluate three harvest strategies of corn intercropped with pigeon pea + Palisade grass on weight gain since grazing through finishing. A triple intercropping of corn + pigeon pea + Palisade grass was established in nine hectares (ha) during the 2016/17 season. Treatments were determined according to each corn harvest strategy: whole crop silage (WCS), high moisture corn (HMC) or corn grain (CG). The latter was not harvested due to a low yield and difficulties to hire a combine harvester for only three ha. After harvest, the 9-ha area was divided in six 1.5-ha pens for the grazing phase of the experiment with 30 non-castrated Nelore steers. The same animals were fed feedlot diets based on three sources of corn following the same harvest strategy (treatments): WCS, HMC or CG (bought from a feed industry). During the grazing phase the area that was supposed to be harvested for CG resulted in the greatest (p≤0.05) stocking rate (3.02 LU/ha) and weight gain per area (210 kg of BW/ha) compared with WCS and HMC. There was no response (p≥0.05) of corn source (according to each harvest strategy) on feed conversion ratio (FCR), body weith (BW) growth, subcutaneous fat thickness (SFT), pre-slaughter BW, hot carcass weight (HCW) and dressing percentage (DP) during the finishing phase. The data reported here may be a valuable guideline for decision making according to the beef production system and economic scenario. Ligoski Cabral, Beatriz do Prado Paim, Tiago Moreira Alves, Estenio Ferreira Gonçalves, Lucas Martins Oliveira, Lorena Silva Rodrigues, Matheus Teixeira dos Santos, Rowberta de Carvalho, Eduardo body weight enegy feedlot forage grain grazing Nelore silage confinamiento energía ensilaje forrage grano Nelore pastoreo peso corporal confinamento energia forragem grão Nelore pastejo peso corporal silagem 15 2 Núm. 2 , Año 2023 : RECIA 15(2):JULIO-DICIEMBRE 2023 Artículo de revista Journal article 2023-10-24T05:05:57Z 2023-10-24T05:05:57Z 2023-10-24 application/pdf application/epub+zip audio/mpeg Universidad de Sucre Revista Colombiana de Ciencia Animal - RECIA 2027-4297 https://revistas.unisucre.edu.co/index.php/recia/article/view/978 10.24188/recia.v15.n2.2023.978 https://doi.org/10.24188/recia.v15.n2.2023.978 eng https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0 Beatriz Ligoski Cabral, Tiago do Prado Paim, Estenio Moreira Alves, Lucas Ferreira Gonçalves, Lorena Martins Oliveira, Matheus Silva Rodrigues, Rowberta Teixeira dos Santos, Eduardo de Carvalho - 2023 Esta obra está bajo una licencia internacional Creative Commons Atribución 4.0. e978 e978 Associação Brasileira das Indústrias Exportadoras de Carnes. ABIEC. Beef report. Perfil da Pecuária no Brasil; 2021. http://abiec.com.br/publicacoes/beef-report-2021/ Braga GB, Ferreira Neto JS, Ferreira F, Amaku M, Dias RA. Caracterização dos sistemas de criação de bovinos com atividade reprodutiva na região Centro-Sul do Brasil. Brazilian Journal of Veterinary Research and Animal Science. 2015; 52(3):217-227. http://10.11606/issn.1678-4456.v52i3p217-227 Godfray HCJ, Beddington JR, Crute IR, Haddad L, Lawrence D, Muir JF, Pretty J, Robinson S, Thomas SM, Toulmin C. Food security: the challenge of feeding 9 billion people. Science. 2010; 327(5967):812-818. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1185383 Dias-Filho MB. Os desafios da produção animal em pastagens na fronteira agrícola brasileira. Revista Brasileira de Zootecnia. 2011; 40 (special supplement):270-279. http://www.sbz.org.br/revista/artigos/66282.pdf Alary V, Corbeels M, Affholder F, Alvarez S, Soria A, Valadares Xavier JH, Silva FAM, Scopel E. Economic assessment of conservation agriculture options in mixed crop-livestock systems in Brazil using farm modelling. Agricultural Systems. 2016; 144:33-45. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agsy.2016.01.008 Moraes AD, Carvalho PCF, Lustosa SBC, Lang CR, Deiss L. Research on integrated crop-livestock systems in Brazil. Revista Ciência Agronômica. 2014; 45(5):1024-1031. https://doi.org/10.1590/S1806-66902014000500018 Veysset P, Lherm M, Bébin D, Roulenc M. Mixed crop-livestock farming systems: a sustainable way to produce beef? Commercial farms results, questions and perspectives. Animal. 2014; 8(8):1218-1228. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1751731114000378 Sant-Anna SAC, Jantalia CP, Sá JM, Vilela L, Marchão RL, Alves BJR, Urquiaga S, Boddey RM. Changes in soil organic carbon during 22 years of pastures, cropping or integrated crop/livestock systems in the Brazilian Cerrado. Nutrient Cycling in Agroecosystems. 2017; 108(1):101-120. http://10.1007/s10705-016-9812-z Vilela L, Martha Junior GB, Macedo MCM, Marchão RL, Guimarães Júnior R, Pulrolnik K, Maciel GA. Sistemas de integração lavoura-pecuária na região do Cerrado. Pesquisa Agropecuária Brasileira, 2011; 46(10):1127-1138. https://doi.org/10.1590/S0100-204X2011001000003 Oliveira LM, Santos RT, Rodrigues MS, Santana MM, Wander AE, Carvalho ER. Impacto da alimentação de bovinos de corte terminados em confinamento: variáveis médias e marginais. Custos e @gronegócio online. 2021; 17(special edition):28-54. http://www.custoseagronegocioonline.com.br/especialv17/OK%202%20cortes.pdf Pereira KA, Ribeiro RV, Oliveira AR, Amaral AG. Parámetros en la utilización de silaje de grano húmedo de maíz en la bovinocultura de corte. Revista Colombiana de Ciencia Animal. 2019; 11(1):102-113. https://doi.org/10.24188/recia.v11.n1.2019.622 Daniel JLP, Bernardes TF, Jobim CC, Schmidt P, Nussio LG. Production and utilization of silages in tropical areas with focus on Brazil. Grass and Forage Science. 2019; 74(2):188-200. https://doi.org/10.1111/gfs.12417 Owens FN, Secrist DS, Hill WJ, Gill DR. The effect of grain source and grain processing on performance of feedlot cattle: a review. Journal of Animal Science. 1997; 75(3):868-879. https://doi.org/10.2527/1997.753868x Nocek JE. Characterization of in situ dry matter and nitrogen digestion of various corn grain forms. Journal of Dairy Science. 1987; 70(11):2291-2301. https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(87)80289-8 Cardoso MRD, Marcuzzo FFN, Barros JR. Classificação climática de Köppen-Geiger para o Estado de Goiás e o Distrito Federal. Acta Geográfica. 2014; 8(16):40-55. https://doi.org/10.18227/2177-4307.acta.v8i16.1384 Rouquette Jr FM. Grazing systems research and impact of stocking strategies on pasture-animal production efficiencies. Crop Science. 2015; 55(6):2513-2530. https://doi.org/10.2135/cropsci2015.01.0062 National Research Council - NRC. Nutrient requirements of beef cattle. 7th revised edition. Washington, DC: National Academy Press, 2000. 242p. Association of Official Analytical Chemists - AOAC. Official methods of analysis. 17th edition. AOAC International, Gaithersburg, MD, 2000. Goering HK, Van Soest PJ. Forage fiber analyses (apparatus, reagents, procedures and some applications). Agricultural Handbook nº 379. Agricultural Research Service - USDA, Washington, DC, 1970. Brethour JR. The repeatability and accuracy of ultrasound in measuring backfat of cattle. Journal of Animal Science. 1992; 70(4):1039-1044. https://doi.org/10.2527/1992.7041039x R Core Team. R: A language and environment for statistical computing. Vienna, Austria: R Foundation for Statistical Computing, 2019. http://www.Rproject.org/ Alves DD, Goes RHTB, Mancio AB. Maciez da carne bovina. Ciência Animal Brasileira. 2005; 6(3):135-149. https://revistas.ufg.br/vet/article/view/370 Leonel FP, Pereira JC, Costa MG, Marco Júnior P, Lara LA, Queiroz AC. Comportamento produtivo e características nutricionais do capim-braquiária cultivado em consórcio com milho. Revista Brasileira de Zootecnia. 2009; 38(1):177-189. https://doi.org/10.1590/S1516-35982009000100022 Samarakoon SP, Wilson JR, Shelton HM, Growth, morphology and nutritive quality of shaded Stenotaphrum secundatum, Axonopus compressus and Pennisetum clandestinum. The Journal of Agricultural Science. 1990; 114(2):161-169. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0021859600072154 Mezzalira JC, Carvalho PCF, Trindade JK, Bremm C, Fonseca L, Amaral MF, Reffatti MV. Produção animal e vegetal em pastagem nativa manejada sob diferentes ofertas de forragem por bovinos. Ciência Rural. 2012; 42(7):1264-1270. https://doi.org/10.1590/S0103-84782012005000039 Franzluebbers AJ, Stuedemann JA. Crop and cattle production responses to tillage and cover crop management in an integrated crop-livestock system in the southeastern USA. European Journal of Agronomy. 2014; 57:62-70. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eja.2013.05.009 Oliveira CAO, Bremm C, Anghinoni I, Moraes A, Kunrath TR, Carvalho PCF. Comparison of an integrated crop-livestock system with soybean only: Economic and production responses in southern Brazil. Renewable Agriculture and Food Systems. 2014; 29(3):230-238. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1742170513000410 Reis RA, Ruggieri AC, Casagrande DR, Páscoa AG. Suplementação da dieta de bovinos de corte como estratégia do manejo das pastagens. Revista Brasileira de Zootecnia. 2009; 38(special supplement):147-159. https://doi.org/10.1590/S1516-35982009001300016 Machado PAS, Valadares Filho SC, Valadares RFD, Paulino MF, Paulino PVR, Marcondes MI. Desempenho e exigências de energia e proteína de bovinos de corte em pasto suplementados. Arquivo Brasileiro de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia. 2012; 64(3):683-692. https://doi.org/10.1590/S0102-09352012000300021 Hoffmann A, Moraes EHBK, Mousquer CJ, Simioni TA, Gomer FJ, Ferreira VB, Silva HM. Produção de bovinos de corte no sistema pasto-suplemento no período da seca. Nativa. 2014; 2(2):119-130. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.31413/nativa.v2i2.1298 https://revistas.unisucre.edu.co/index.php/recia/article/download/978/1076 https://revistas.unisucre.edu.co/index.php/recia/article/download/978/1077 https://revistas.unisucre.edu.co/index.php/recia/article/download/978/1078 info:eu-repo/semantics/article http://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_6501 http://purl.org/redcol/resource_type/ARTREF info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion http://purl.org/coar/version/c_970fb48d4fbd8a85 info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess http://purl.org/coar/access_right/c_abf2 Text Publication |
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UNIVERSIDAD DE SUCRE |
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https://nuevo.metarevistas.org/UNIVERSIDADDESUCRE/logo.png |
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Colombia |
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Revista Colombiana de Ciencia Animal - RECIA |
| title |
Comportamiento de ganado vacuno de carne después de diferentes estrategias de cosecha de maíz en un sistema integrado agropecuario |
| spellingShingle |
Comportamiento de ganado vacuno de carne después de diferentes estrategias de cosecha de maíz en un sistema integrado agropecuario Ligoski Cabral, Beatriz do Prado Paim, Tiago Moreira Alves, Estenio Ferreira Gonçalves, Lucas Martins Oliveira, Lorena Silva Rodrigues, Matheus Teixeira dos Santos, Rowberta de Carvalho, Eduardo body weight enegy feedlot forage grain grazing Nelore silage confinamiento energía ensilaje forrage grano Nelore pastoreo peso corporal confinamento energia forragem grão Nelore pastejo peso corporal silagem |
| title_short |
Comportamiento de ganado vacuno de carne después de diferentes estrategias de cosecha de maíz en un sistema integrado agropecuario |
| title_full |
Comportamiento de ganado vacuno de carne después de diferentes estrategias de cosecha de maíz en un sistema integrado agropecuario |
| title_fullStr |
Comportamiento de ganado vacuno de carne después de diferentes estrategias de cosecha de maíz en un sistema integrado agropecuario |
| title_full_unstemmed |
Comportamiento de ganado vacuno de carne después de diferentes estrategias de cosecha de maíz en un sistema integrado agropecuario |
| title_sort |
comportamiento de ganado vacuno de carne después de diferentes estrategias de cosecha de maíz en un sistema integrado agropecuario |
| title_eng |
Performance of beef animals after different corn harvest strategies in a crop-livestock integrated system |
| description |
El objetivo fue evaluar tres estrategias de cosecha de maíz intercalado con guandú y pasto Palisade sobre el desempeño animal desde el pastoreo hasta la finalización en un confinamiento. Se estableció un triple intercalado de maíz + guandú + pasto Palisade en nueve hectáreas durante la temporada 2016/17. Los tratamientos se determinaron de acuerdo a cada estrategia de cosecha de maíz: ensilaje integral, maíz de alta humedad o maíz en grano. Este último no se cosechó por el bajo rendimiento y las dificultades para alquilar una cosechadora para solo tres ha. Después de la cosecha, el área de 9 hectáreas se dividió en seis corrales de 1,5 hectáreas para la fase de pastoreo del experimento con 30 novillos Nelore no castrados. Los mismos animales fueron alimentados con dietas de confinamiento a base de tres fuentes de maíz siguiendo la misma estrategia de cosecha (tratamientos): ensilaje integral, maíz de alta humedad o maíz en grano. Durante la fase de pastoreo, el área que se suponía que sería cosechada para maíz en grano resultó en la mayor (p≤0.05) carga animal (3.02 unidad ganadera/hectárea) y ganancia de peso por área (210 kg corporal/ hectárea) en comparación con ensilaje integral y maíz de alta humedad. No hubo efecto (p≥0.05) de la fuente de maíz sobre la tasa de conversión alimenticia, el crecimiento del peso corporal, el grosor de la grasa subcutánea, el peso corporal antes del sacrificio, el peso de la canal caliente y rendimiento de la canal durante la fase de confinamiento.
|
| description_eng |
The objective of this experiment was to evaluate three harvest strategies of corn intercropped with pigeon pea + Palisade grass on weight gain since grazing through finishing. A triple intercropping of corn + pigeon pea + Palisade grass was established in nine hectares (ha) during the 2016/17 season. Treatments were determined according to each corn harvest strategy: whole crop silage (WCS), high moisture corn (HMC) or corn grain (CG). The latter was not harvested due to a low yield and difficulties to hire a combine harvester for only three ha. After harvest, the 9-ha area was divided in six 1.5-ha pens for the grazing phase of the experiment with 30 non-castrated Nelore steers. The same animals were fed feedlot diets based on three sources of corn following the same harvest strategy (treatments): WCS, HMC or CG (bought from a feed industry). During the grazing phase the area that was supposed to be harvested for CG resulted in the greatest (p≤0.05) stocking rate (3.02 LU/ha) and weight gain per area (210 kg of BW/ha) compared with WCS and HMC. There was no response (p≥0.05) of corn source (according to each harvest strategy) on feed conversion ratio (FCR), body weith (BW) growth, subcutaneous fat thickness (SFT), pre-slaughter BW, hot carcass weight (HCW) and dressing percentage (DP) during the finishing phase. The data reported here may be a valuable guideline for decision making according to the beef production system and economic scenario.
|
| author |
Ligoski Cabral, Beatriz do Prado Paim, Tiago Moreira Alves, Estenio Ferreira Gonçalves, Lucas Martins Oliveira, Lorena Silva Rodrigues, Matheus Teixeira dos Santos, Rowberta de Carvalho, Eduardo |
| author_facet |
Ligoski Cabral, Beatriz do Prado Paim, Tiago Moreira Alves, Estenio Ferreira Gonçalves, Lucas Martins Oliveira, Lorena Silva Rodrigues, Matheus Teixeira dos Santos, Rowberta de Carvalho, Eduardo |
| topic |
body weight enegy feedlot forage grain grazing Nelore silage confinamiento energía ensilaje forrage grano Nelore pastoreo peso corporal confinamento energia forragem grão Nelore pastejo peso corporal silagem |
| topic_facet |
body weight enegy feedlot forage grain grazing Nelore silage confinamiento energía ensilaje forrage grano Nelore pastoreo peso corporal confinamento energia forragem grão Nelore pastejo peso corporal silagem |
| topicspa_str_mv |
confinamiento energía ensilaje forrage grano Nelore pastoreo peso corporal confinamento energia forragem grão Nelore pastejo peso corporal silagem |
| citationvolume |
15 |
| citationissue |
2 |
| citationedition |
Núm. 2 , Año 2023 : RECIA 15(2):JULIO-DICIEMBRE 2023 |
| publisher |
Universidad de Sucre |
| ispartofjournal |
Revista Colombiana de Ciencia Animal - RECIA |
| source |
https://revistas.unisucre.edu.co/index.php/recia/article/view/978 |
| language |
eng |
| format |
Article |
| rights |
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0 Beatriz Ligoski Cabral, Tiago do Prado Paim, Estenio Moreira Alves, Lucas Ferreira Gonçalves, Lorena Martins Oliveira, Matheus Silva Rodrigues, Rowberta Teixeira dos Santos, Eduardo de Carvalho - 2023 Esta obra está bajo una licencia internacional Creative Commons Atribución 4.0. info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess http://purl.org/coar/access_right/c_abf2 |
| references_eng |
Associação Brasileira das Indústrias Exportadoras de Carnes. ABIEC. Beef report. Perfil da Pecuária no Brasil; 2021. http://abiec.com.br/publicacoes/beef-report-2021/ Braga GB, Ferreira Neto JS, Ferreira F, Amaku M, Dias RA. Caracterização dos sistemas de criação de bovinos com atividade reprodutiva na região Centro-Sul do Brasil. Brazilian Journal of Veterinary Research and Animal Science. 2015; 52(3):217-227. http://10.11606/issn.1678-4456.v52i3p217-227 Godfray HCJ, Beddington JR, Crute IR, Haddad L, Lawrence D, Muir JF, Pretty J, Robinson S, Thomas SM, Toulmin C. Food security: the challenge of feeding 9 billion people. Science. 2010; 327(5967):812-818. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1185383 Dias-Filho MB. Os desafios da produção animal em pastagens na fronteira agrícola brasileira. Revista Brasileira de Zootecnia. 2011; 40 (special supplement):270-279. http://www.sbz.org.br/revista/artigos/66282.pdf Alary V, Corbeels M, Affholder F, Alvarez S, Soria A, Valadares Xavier JH, Silva FAM, Scopel E. Economic assessment of conservation agriculture options in mixed crop-livestock systems in Brazil using farm modelling. Agricultural Systems. 2016; 144:33-45. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agsy.2016.01.008 Moraes AD, Carvalho PCF, Lustosa SBC, Lang CR, Deiss L. Research on integrated crop-livestock systems in Brazil. Revista Ciência Agronômica. 2014; 45(5):1024-1031. https://doi.org/10.1590/S1806-66902014000500018 Veysset P, Lherm M, Bébin D, Roulenc M. Mixed crop-livestock farming systems: a sustainable way to produce beef? Commercial farms results, questions and perspectives. Animal. 2014; 8(8):1218-1228. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1751731114000378 Sant-Anna SAC, Jantalia CP, Sá JM, Vilela L, Marchão RL, Alves BJR, Urquiaga S, Boddey RM. Changes in soil organic carbon during 22 years of pastures, cropping or integrated crop/livestock systems in the Brazilian Cerrado. Nutrient Cycling in Agroecosystems. 2017; 108(1):101-120. http://10.1007/s10705-016-9812-z Vilela L, Martha Junior GB, Macedo MCM, Marchão RL, Guimarães Júnior R, Pulrolnik K, Maciel GA. Sistemas de integração lavoura-pecuária na região do Cerrado. Pesquisa Agropecuária Brasileira, 2011; 46(10):1127-1138. https://doi.org/10.1590/S0100-204X2011001000003 Oliveira LM, Santos RT, Rodrigues MS, Santana MM, Wander AE, Carvalho ER. Impacto da alimentação de bovinos de corte terminados em confinamento: variáveis médias e marginais. Custos e @gronegócio online. 2021; 17(special edition):28-54. http://www.custoseagronegocioonline.com.br/especialv17/OK%202%20cortes.pdf Pereira KA, Ribeiro RV, Oliveira AR, Amaral AG. Parámetros en la utilización de silaje de grano húmedo de maíz en la bovinocultura de corte. Revista Colombiana de Ciencia Animal. 2019; 11(1):102-113. https://doi.org/10.24188/recia.v11.n1.2019.622 Daniel JLP, Bernardes TF, Jobim CC, Schmidt P, Nussio LG. Production and utilization of silages in tropical areas with focus on Brazil. Grass and Forage Science. 2019; 74(2):188-200. https://doi.org/10.1111/gfs.12417 Owens FN, Secrist DS, Hill WJ, Gill DR. The effect of grain source and grain processing on performance of feedlot cattle: a review. Journal of Animal Science. 1997; 75(3):868-879. https://doi.org/10.2527/1997.753868x Nocek JE. Characterization of in situ dry matter and nitrogen digestion of various corn grain forms. Journal of Dairy Science. 1987; 70(11):2291-2301. https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(87)80289-8 Cardoso MRD, Marcuzzo FFN, Barros JR. Classificação climática de Köppen-Geiger para o Estado de Goiás e o Distrito Federal. Acta Geográfica. 2014; 8(16):40-55. https://doi.org/10.18227/2177-4307.acta.v8i16.1384 Rouquette Jr FM. Grazing systems research and impact of stocking strategies on pasture-animal production efficiencies. Crop Science. 2015; 55(6):2513-2530. https://doi.org/10.2135/cropsci2015.01.0062 National Research Council - NRC. Nutrient requirements of beef cattle. 7th revised edition. Washington, DC: National Academy Press, 2000. 242p. Association of Official Analytical Chemists - AOAC. Official methods of analysis. 17th edition. AOAC International, Gaithersburg, MD, 2000. Goering HK, Van Soest PJ. Forage fiber analyses (apparatus, reagents, procedures and some applications). Agricultural Handbook nº 379. Agricultural Research Service - USDA, Washington, DC, 1970. Brethour JR. The repeatability and accuracy of ultrasound in measuring backfat of cattle. Journal of Animal Science. 1992; 70(4):1039-1044. https://doi.org/10.2527/1992.7041039x R Core Team. R: A language and environment for statistical computing. 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