Titulo:
¿Afecta la estimulación del macho cabrío el rendimiento reproductivo de las cabras sincronizadas con esponjas de acetato de medroxiprogesterona (MAP)?
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Sumario:
Esta investigación se llevó a cabo para determinar el efecto de la exposición al macho cabrío sobre la respuesta al estro, el inicio del estro permanente, la tasa de ovulación, la tasa de concepción y la tasa de preñez en cabras sincronizadas con esponjas de acetato de medroxiprogesterona (MAP). Se colocaron esponjas dentro de la vagina durante quince días en grupos aislados y expuestos a machos. Después de retirar la esponja, se observaron continuamente las actividades estrales. El intervalo entre la retirada de la esponja y el inicio del estro permanente fue de 32.3±10 h (18-51 h) y 45.2±10.9 h (27-51 h) en el grupo de machos aislados y expuestos respectivamente (p<0.05). Las tasas de ovulación y concepción se confirmaron media... Ver más
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2022-09-29
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e915
Iqra Batool, Muhammad Shahzad, Tarique Hussain, Mujahid Hussain, Ahmad Raza, Muhammad Waqar Mazhar - 2022
Esta obra está bajo una licencia internacional Creative Commons Atribución 4.0.
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¿Afecta la estimulación del macho cabrío el rendimiento reproductivo de las cabras sincronizadas con esponjas de acetato de medroxiprogesterona (MAP)? Does buck stimulation affect the reproductive performance of goats synchronized with Medroxyprogesterone Acetate (MAP) sponges? Esta investigación se llevó a cabo para determinar el efecto de la exposición al macho cabrío sobre la respuesta al estro, el inicio del estro permanente, la tasa de ovulación, la tasa de concepción y la tasa de preñez en cabras sincronizadas con esponjas de acetato de medroxiprogesterona (MAP). Se colocaron esponjas dentro de la vagina durante quince días en grupos aislados y expuestos a machos. Después de retirar la esponja, se observaron continuamente las actividades estrales. El intervalo entre la retirada de la esponja y el inicio del estro permanente fue de 32.3±10 h (18-51 h) y 45.2±10.9 h (27-51 h) en el grupo de machos aislados y expuestos respectivamente (p<0.05). Las tasas de ovulación y concepción se confirmaron mediante el nivel de progesterona sérica mediante radioinmunoensayo. Las tasas de ovulación fueron del 100% en ambos grupos y las tasas de concepción fueron del 93% y del 100% en los machos expuestos y en el grupo aislado, respectivamente (p>0.05). Los embarazos fueron confirmados por ultrasonido en el día 35 después del apareamiento, que fueron 93%, fue y 69% en el grupo expuesto y aislado de machos, respectivamente (p>0.05). Sobre la base de la evidencia, se infirió que la exposición repentina al macho después de la extracción de la esponja provocó un inicio del estro notablemente más temprano, mientras que la exposición continua al macho no pudo mostrar un impacto significativo en las tasas de concepción y preñez en comparación con el grupo aislado. This investigation was executed to determine effect of buck exposure on estrus response, onset of standing estrus, ovulation rate, conception rate and pregnancy rate in goats synchronized with medroxyprogesterone acetate (MAP) sponges. Sponges were placed inside the vagina for fifteen days in buck exposed and isolated groups. Post sponge withdrawal, estrus activities were continuously observed. The interval between sponge withdrawal and the onset of standing estrus were 32.3±10 h (18-51 h) and 45.2±10.9 h (27-51h) in buck isolated and exposed group respectively (p<0.05). Ovulation and conception rates were confirmed by serum progesterone level using radioimmunoassay. Ovulation rates were 100% in both groups and conception rates were 93% and 100% in buck exposed and in isolated group respectively (p>0.05). Pregnancies were confirmed by ultrasound on day 35 post mating which were 93%, was and 69% in buck exposed and isolated group respectively (p>0.05). Based upon the evidence, it was inference that post sponge removal sudden buck exposure cause markedly earlier estrus onset while the continuous buck exposure was unable to show significantly impact on conception and pregnancy rates compare to isolated group. Batool, Iqra Shahzad, Muhammad Hussain, Tarique Hussain, Mujahid Raza, Ahmad Mazhar, Muhammad Waqar Bio stimulation Buck exposure estrus synchronization Bioestimulación Exposición al dólar sincronización de celo 14 2 Núm. 2 , Año 2022 : RECIA 14(2):JULIO-DICIEMBRE 2022 Artículo de revista Journal article 2022-09-29T00:00:00Z 2022-09-29T00:00:00Z 2022-09-29 application/pdf application/epub+zip audio/mpeg Universidad de Sucre Revista Colombiana de Ciencia Animal - RECIA 2027-4297 https://revistas.unisucre.edu.co/index.php/recia/article/view/915 10.24188/recia.v14.n2.2022.915 https://doi.org/10.24188/recia.v14.n2.2022.915 eng https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0 Iqra Batool, Muhammad Shahzad, Tarique Hussain, Mujahid Hussain, Ahmad Raza, Muhammad Waqar Mazhar - 2022 Esta obra está bajo una licencia internacional Creative Commons Atribución 4.0. e915 e915 1 Boyazoglu J, Hatziminaoglou I, Morand-Fehr P. The role of the goat in society: past, present and perspectives for the future. Small Ruminant Research. 2005; 60(1-2):13-23. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.smallrumres.2005.06.003 2 Blench R. Traditional livestock breeds: geographical distribution and dynamics in relation to the ecology of West Africa. Vol. 67. London, UK: Overseas Development Institute; 1999. 3 Qudus M, Ahmad N, Javed K, Abdullah M, Jabbar M, Omer M, Iqbal Z, Ahmad I. Effect of recombinant bovine somatotropin on milk production and composition of lactating Beetal goats. Journal of Animal and Plant Science. 2013; 23(1):26-30. https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.s0022-0302(99)75396-8 4 Iqbal A, Siddique F, Mahmood MS, Shamim A, Zafar T, Rasheed I, Saleem I, Ahmad W. Prevalence and impacts of ectoparasitic fauna infesting goats (Capra hircus) of district Toba Tek Singh, Punjab, Pakistan. Global Veterinaria. 2014; 12(2):158-164. https://doi.org/10.5829/idosi.gv.2014.12.02.8286 5 Teufel N, Kuettner K, Gall C. Contribution of goat husbandry to household income in the Punjab (Pakistan): a review. Small Ruminant Research. 1998; 28(2):101-107. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0921-4488(97)00070-9 6 Randhawa A, Magsi H, Shah A. Growth performance of meat production and export in Pakistan: An analysis. Journal of Animal and Plant Sciences. 2018; 28(3): 883-888. http://www.thejaps.org.pk/docs/v-28-03/25.pdf 7 GOP. Agriculture. Pakistan economic survey; 2018. http://www.finance.gov.pk/survey/chapters_18/02-agriculture.Pdf 8 Sohaib M, Jamil F. An insight of meat industry in Pakistan with special reference to halal meat: a comprehensive review. Korean journal for food science of animal resources, 2017; 37(3):329. https://doi.org/10.5851/kosfa.2017.37.3.329. 9 Kumar S. Commercial goat farming in India: An emerging agri-business opportunity. Agricultural Economics Research Review. 2007; 20:503-520. https://doi.org/10.22004/ag.econ.47443 10 Song HB, Jo IH, Sol HS. Reproductive performance of Korean native goats under natural and intensive conditions. Small Ruminant Research. 2006; 65(3):284-287. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.smallrumres.2005.08.001 11 Omontese BO, Rekwot PI, Ate IU, Ayo JO, Kawu MU, Rwuaan JS, Nwannenna AI, Mustapha RA, Bello AA. An update on oestrus synchronisation of goats in Nigeria. Asian Pacific Journal of Reproduction. 2016; 5(2):96-101. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apjr.2016.01.002 12 Robinson T, Quinlivan TD, Baxter C. The relationship between dose of progestagen and method of preparation of intravaginal sponges on their effectiveness for the control of ovulation in the ewe. Reproduction. 1968; 17(3):471-483. https://doi.org/10.1530/jrf.0.0170471 13 Simonetti L, Blanco MR, Gardón JC. Estrus synchronization in ewes treated with sponges impregnated with different doses of medroxyprogesterone acetate. Small Ruminant Research. 2000; 38(3): 243-247. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0921-4488(00)00160-7 14 Ainsworth L, Wolynetz MS. Synchronization of estrus and reproductive performance of ewes treated with synthetic progestogens administered by subcutaneous ear implant or by intravaginal sponge pessary. Journal of Animal Science. 1982; 54(6):1120-1127. https://doi.org/10.2527/jas1982.5461120x. 15 Türk G, Gür S, Sönmez M, Bozkurt T, Aksu E, Aksoy H (2008). Effect of exogenous GnRH at the time of artificial insemination on reproductive performance of Awassi ewes synchronized with progestagen–PMSG–PGF2α combination. Reproduction in Domestic Animals. 2008; 43(3):308-313. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0531.2007.00896.x 16 Omontese B, Rekwot PI, Rwuaan JS, Ate IU, Makun HJ. Effect of prostaglandin and equine chorionic gonadotrophin on estrus behaviour of Sahel goats during the harmattan season. Livestock Research for Rural Development. 2013; 25(2):1-7. http://www.lrrd.org/lrrd25/2/omon25031.htm 17 Dixon A, Knights M, Pate J, Lewis P, Inskeep E (2006). Reproductive performance of ewes after 5‐day treatment with intravaginal inserts containing progesterone in combination with injection of prostaglandin F2α. Reproduction in Domestic Animals. 2006; 41(2):142-148. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0531.2006.00656.x 18 Delgadillo JA, Gelez H, Ungerfeld R, Hawken PAR, Martin GB. The ‘male effect’ in sheep and goats—revisiting the dogmas. Behavioural Brain Research. 2009; 200(2):304-314. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbr.2009.02.004 19 Neto AM, Salles MG, DE Araújo EP, Rodrigues IC, DA Rocha DR, DE araújo AA. Male effect: Sustainability and effectiveness in inducing estrus in goats/efecto macho: sostenibilidad y eficiencia en la inducción del celo en cabr AS. Journal of Veterinary Andrology. 2016; 1(1):1. http://cesica.org/publicaciones/index.php/journal_veterinary_andrology/article/view/9/6 20 Mellado M, Olivas R, Ruiz F. Effect of buck stimulus on mature and pre-pubertal norgestomet-treated goats. Small Ruminant Research. 2000; 36(3):269-274. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0921-4488(99)00122-4 21 Ungerfeld R, Rubianes E. Estrus response to the ram effect in Corriedale ewes primed with medroxyprogesterone during the breeding season. Small Ruminant Research. 1999; 32(1):89-91. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0921-4488(98)00164-3 22 Oldham CM, Martin GB, Knight TW. Stimulation of seasonally anovular Merino ewes by rams. I. Time from introduction of the rams to the preovulatory LH surge and ovulation. Animal Reproduction Science. 1979; 1(4):283-290. https://doi.org/10.1016/0378-4320(79)90013-7 23 Martínez-Alfaro JC, Hernández H, Flores JA, Duarte G, Fitz-Rodríguez G, Fernández IG, Bedos M, Chemineau P, Keller M, Delgadillo JA, Vielma J. Importance of intense male sexual behavior for inducing the preovulatory LH surge and ovulation in seasonally anovulatory female goats. Theriogenology. 2014; 82(7):1028-1035. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.theriogenology.2014.07.024 24 Simões J. Recent advances on synchronization of ovulation in goats, out of season, for a more sustainable production. Asian Pacific Journal of Reproduction. 2015; 4(2):157-165. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2305-0500(15)30014-2 25 Robinson TJ. Use of progestagen-impregnated sponges inserted intravaginally or subcutaneously for the control of the oestrous cycle in the sheep. Nature. 1965; 206(4979):39-41. https://doi.org/10.1038/206039a0 26 Rivera GM, Alanis GA, Chaves MA, Ferrero SB, Morello HH. Seasonality of estrus and ovulation in Creole goats of Argentina. Small Ruminant Research, 2003. 48(2):109-117. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0921-4488(02)00236-5 27 Saharrea A, Valencia J, Balcázar A, Mejía O, Cerbón JL, Caballero V, Zarco L. Premature luteal regression in goats superovulated with PMSG: effect of hCG or GnRH administration during the early luteal phase. Theriogenology, 1998. 50(7):1039-1052. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0093-691x(98)00206-4 28 Kausar R, Khanum S, Hussain M, Shah M. Estrus synchronization with medroxyprogesterone acetate impregnated sponges in goats (Capra hircus). Pakistan Veterinary Journal. 2009; 29(1):16-18. http://www.pvj.com.pk/pdf-files/29_1/16-18.pdf 29 Greyling JPC, van der Nest M. Synchronization of oestrus in goats: dose effect of progestagen. Small Ruminant Research. 2000; 36(2):201-207. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0921-4488(99)00165-0 30 Hashemi M, Safdarian M, Kafi M. Estrous response to synchronization of estrus using different progesterone treatments outside the natural breeding season in ewes. Small Ruminant Research. 2006; 65(3):279-283. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.smallrumres.2005.07.051 31 Baird DT, McNeilly AS. Gonadotrophic control of follicular development and function during the oestrous cycle of the ewe. Journal of Reproduction and Fertility. Supplement. 1981; 30:119-133. 32 Rahman A, Abdullah R, Wan-Khadijah W. Estrus synchronization and superovulation in goats: a review. Journal of Biological. Science. 2008; 8(7):1129-1137. https://doi.org/10.3923/jbs.2008.1129.1137 33 Layek SS, Mohanty TK, Kumaresan A, Behera K, Chand S. Behavioural signs of estrus and their relationship to time of ovulation in Zebu (Sahiwal) cattle. Animal Reproduction Science. 2011; 129(3-4):140-145. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anireprosci.2011.11.006 34 Halder C, Ghosh S. Dynamics and regulation of goat reproduction. International Journal of Current Research and Academic Review. 2015; 3(8):20-36. http://www.ijcrar.com/vol-3-8/C.%20Haldar%20and%20S.%20Ghosh.pdf 35 Suthar V, Dhami A. Estrus Detection Methods in Buffalo. Veterinary World. 2010; 3(2):94-96. http://www.veterinaryworld.org/Vol.3/February/Estrus%20Detection%20Methods%20in%20Buffalo.pdf 36 Robinson JE. Gamma amino-butyric acid and the control of GnRH secretion in sheep. Journal of reproduction and fertility. Supplement. 1995; 49:221-230. 37 Fonseca JF, Torres CAA, Santos ADF, Maffili VV, Amorim LS, Moraes EA (2008). Progesterone and behavioral features when estrous is induced in Alpine goats. Animal Reproduction Science. 2008; 103(3-4):366-373. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anireprosci.2007.05.013 38 Maffili V, Torres C, da Fonseca J, Bruschi J, Viana J, Prosperi C, et al. Sincronização do estro de cabras com protocolos de curta duração utilizando CIDR-G e esponja intravaginal. In Embrapa Caprinos e Ovinos-Resumo em anais de congresso (ALICE). Acta Scientiae Veterinariae. 2005; 33(1):251. https://ainfo.cnptia.embrapa.br/digital/bitstream/item/82297/1/RAC-Sincronizacao-do-estro.pdf 39 Fleisch A, Bollwein H, Piechotta M, Janett F. Reproductive performance of Lacaune dairy sheep exposed to artificial long days followed by natural photoperiod without and with additional progestagen treatment during the nonbreeding season. Theriogenology. 2015 ;83(3):320-325. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.theriogenology.2014.06.031 40 Omontese BO. Influence of buck exposure, progestagen treatment and season on reproductive responses in goats. In: Department of Theriogenology and Production, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria; 2015. 41 Thorburn GD, Schneider W. The progesterone concentration in the plasma of the goat during the oestrous cycle and pregnancy. Journal of Endocrinology. 1972; 52(1):23-36. https://doi.org/10.1677/joe.0.0520023 42 Sreenan JM, Diskin MG, Bolet G. Timing and extent of embryonic mortality in pigs, sheep and goats: Genetic Variability. In Embryonic mortality in farm animals. Springer Netherlands; 1986. https://revistas.unisucre.edu.co/index.php/recia/article/download/915/1036 https://revistas.unisucre.edu.co/index.php/recia/article/download/915/1037 https://revistas.unisucre.edu.co/index.php/recia/article/download/915/1038 info:eu-repo/semantics/article http://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_6501 http://purl.org/redcol/resource_type/ARTREF info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion http://purl.org/coar/version/c_970fb48d4fbd8a85 info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess http://purl.org/coar/access_right/c_abf2 Text Publication |
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UNIVERSIDAD DE SUCRE |
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https://nuevo.metarevistas.org/UNIVERSIDADDESUCRE/logo.png |
| country_str |
Colombia |
| collection |
Revista Colombiana de Ciencia Animal - RECIA |
| title |
¿Afecta la estimulación del macho cabrío el rendimiento reproductivo de las cabras sincronizadas con esponjas de acetato de medroxiprogesterona (MAP)? |
| spellingShingle |
¿Afecta la estimulación del macho cabrío el rendimiento reproductivo de las cabras sincronizadas con esponjas de acetato de medroxiprogesterona (MAP)? Batool, Iqra Shahzad, Muhammad Hussain, Tarique Hussain, Mujahid Raza, Ahmad Mazhar, Muhammad Waqar Bio stimulation Buck exposure estrus synchronization Bioestimulación Exposición al dólar sincronización de celo |
| title_short |
¿Afecta la estimulación del macho cabrío el rendimiento reproductivo de las cabras sincronizadas con esponjas de acetato de medroxiprogesterona (MAP)? |
| title_full |
¿Afecta la estimulación del macho cabrío el rendimiento reproductivo de las cabras sincronizadas con esponjas de acetato de medroxiprogesterona (MAP)? |
| title_fullStr |
¿Afecta la estimulación del macho cabrío el rendimiento reproductivo de las cabras sincronizadas con esponjas de acetato de medroxiprogesterona (MAP)? |
| title_full_unstemmed |
¿Afecta la estimulación del macho cabrío el rendimiento reproductivo de las cabras sincronizadas con esponjas de acetato de medroxiprogesterona (MAP)? |
| title_sort |
¿afecta la estimulación del macho cabrío el rendimiento reproductivo de las cabras sincronizadas con esponjas de acetato de medroxiprogesterona (map)? |
| title_eng |
Does buck stimulation affect the reproductive performance of goats synchronized with Medroxyprogesterone Acetate (MAP) sponges? |
| description |
Esta investigación se llevó a cabo para determinar el efecto de la exposición al macho cabrío sobre la respuesta al estro, el inicio del estro permanente, la tasa de ovulación, la tasa de concepción y la tasa de preñez en cabras sincronizadas con esponjas de acetato de medroxiprogesterona (MAP). Se colocaron esponjas dentro de la vagina durante quince días en grupos aislados y expuestos a machos. Después de retirar la esponja, se observaron continuamente las actividades estrales. El intervalo entre la retirada de la esponja y el inicio del estro permanente fue de 32.3±10 h (18-51 h) y 45.2±10.9 h (27-51 h) en el grupo de machos aislados y expuestos respectivamente (p<0.05). Las tasas de ovulación y concepción se confirmaron mediante el nivel de progesterona sérica mediante radioinmunoensayo. Las tasas de ovulación fueron del 100% en ambos grupos y las tasas de concepción fueron del 93% y del 100% en los machos expuestos y en el grupo aislado, respectivamente (p>0.05). Los embarazos fueron confirmados por ultrasonido en el día 35 después del apareamiento, que fueron 93%, fue y 69% en el grupo expuesto y aislado de machos, respectivamente (p>0.05). Sobre la base de la evidencia, se infirió que la exposición repentina al macho después de la extracción de la esponja provocó un inicio del estro notablemente más temprano, mientras que la exposición continua al macho no pudo mostrar un impacto significativo en las tasas de concepción y preñez en comparación con el grupo aislado.
|
| description_eng |
This investigation was executed to determine effect of buck exposure on estrus response, onset of standing estrus, ovulation rate, conception rate and pregnancy rate in goats synchronized with medroxyprogesterone acetate (MAP) sponges. Sponges were placed inside the vagina for fifteen days in buck exposed and isolated groups. Post sponge withdrawal, estrus activities were continuously observed. The interval between sponge withdrawal and the onset of standing estrus were 32.3±10 h (18-51 h) and 45.2±10.9 h (27-51h) in buck isolated and exposed group respectively (p<0.05). Ovulation and conception rates were confirmed by serum progesterone level using radioimmunoassay. Ovulation rates were 100% in both groups and conception rates were 93% and 100% in buck exposed and in isolated group respectively (p>0.05). Pregnancies were confirmed by ultrasound on day 35 post mating which were 93%, was and 69% in buck exposed and isolated group respectively (p>0.05). Based upon the evidence, it was inference that post sponge removal sudden buck exposure cause markedly earlier estrus onset while the continuous buck exposure was unable to show significantly impact on conception and pregnancy rates compare to isolated group.
|
| author |
Batool, Iqra Shahzad, Muhammad Hussain, Tarique Hussain, Mujahid Raza, Ahmad Mazhar, Muhammad Waqar |
| author_facet |
Batool, Iqra Shahzad, Muhammad Hussain, Tarique Hussain, Mujahid Raza, Ahmad Mazhar, Muhammad Waqar |
| topic |
Bio stimulation Buck exposure estrus synchronization Bioestimulación Exposición al dólar sincronización de celo |
| topic_facet |
Bio stimulation Buck exposure estrus synchronization Bioestimulación Exposición al dólar sincronización de celo |
| topicspa_str_mv |
Bioestimulación Exposición al dólar sincronización de celo |
| citationvolume |
14 |
| citationissue |
2 |
| citationedition |
Núm. 2 , Año 2022 : RECIA 14(2):JULIO-DICIEMBRE 2022 |
| publisher |
Universidad de Sucre |
| ispartofjournal |
Revista Colombiana de Ciencia Animal - RECIA |
| source |
https://revistas.unisucre.edu.co/index.php/recia/article/view/915 |
| language |
eng |
| format |
Article |
| rights |
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0 Iqra Batool, Muhammad Shahzad, Tarique Hussain, Mujahid Hussain, Ahmad Raza, Muhammad Waqar Mazhar - 2022 Esta obra está bajo una licencia internacional Creative Commons Atribución 4.0. info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess http://purl.org/coar/access_right/c_abf2 |
| references_eng |
1 Boyazoglu J, Hatziminaoglou I, Morand-Fehr P. The role of the goat in society: past, present and perspectives for the future. Small Ruminant Research. 2005; 60(1-2):13-23. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.smallrumres.2005.06.003 2 Blench R. Traditional livestock breeds: geographical distribution and dynamics in relation to the ecology of West Africa. Vol. 67. London, UK: Overseas Development Institute; 1999. 3 Qudus M, Ahmad N, Javed K, Abdullah M, Jabbar M, Omer M, Iqbal Z, Ahmad I. Effect of recombinant bovine somatotropin on milk production and composition of lactating Beetal goats. Journal of Animal and Plant Science. 2013; 23(1):26-30. https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.s0022-0302(99)75396-8 4 Iqbal A, Siddique F, Mahmood MS, Shamim A, Zafar T, Rasheed I, Saleem I, Ahmad W. Prevalence and impacts of ectoparasitic fauna infesting goats (Capra hircus) of district Toba Tek Singh, Punjab, Pakistan. Global Veterinaria. 2014; 12(2):158-164. https://doi.org/10.5829/idosi.gv.2014.12.02.8286 5 Teufel N, Kuettner K, Gall C. Contribution of goat husbandry to household income in the Punjab (Pakistan): a review. Small Ruminant Research. 1998; 28(2):101-107. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0921-4488(97)00070-9 6 Randhawa A, Magsi H, Shah A. Growth performance of meat production and export in Pakistan: An analysis. Journal of Animal and Plant Sciences. 2018; 28(3): 883-888. http://www.thejaps.org.pk/docs/v-28-03/25.pdf 7 GOP. Agriculture. Pakistan economic survey; 2018. http://www.finance.gov.pk/survey/chapters_18/02-agriculture.Pdf 8 Sohaib M, Jamil F. An insight of meat industry in Pakistan with special reference to halal meat: a comprehensive review. Korean journal for food science of animal resources, 2017; 37(3):329. https://doi.org/10.5851/kosfa.2017.37.3.329. 9 Kumar S. Commercial goat farming in India: An emerging agri-business opportunity. Agricultural Economics Research Review. 2007; 20:503-520. https://doi.org/10.22004/ag.econ.47443 10 Song HB, Jo IH, Sol HS. Reproductive performance of Korean native goats under natural and intensive conditions. Small Ruminant Research. 2006; 65(3):284-287. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.smallrumres.2005.08.001 11 Omontese BO, Rekwot PI, Ate IU, Ayo JO, Kawu MU, Rwuaan JS, Nwannenna AI, Mustapha RA, Bello AA. An update on oestrus synchronisation of goats in Nigeria. Asian Pacific Journal of Reproduction. 2016; 5(2):96-101. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apjr.2016.01.002 12 Robinson T, Quinlivan TD, Baxter C. The relationship between dose of progestagen and method of preparation of intravaginal sponges on their effectiveness for the control of ovulation in the ewe. Reproduction. 1968; 17(3):471-483. https://doi.org/10.1530/jrf.0.0170471 13 Simonetti L, Blanco MR, Gardón JC. Estrus synchronization in ewes treated with sponges impregnated with different doses of medroxyprogesterone acetate. Small Ruminant Research. 2000; 38(3): 243-247. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0921-4488(00)00160-7 14 Ainsworth L, Wolynetz MS. Synchronization of estrus and reproductive performance of ewes treated with synthetic progestogens administered by subcutaneous ear implant or by intravaginal sponge pessary. Journal of Animal Science. 1982; 54(6):1120-1127. https://doi.org/10.2527/jas1982.5461120x. 15 Türk G, Gür S, Sönmez M, Bozkurt T, Aksu E, Aksoy H (2008). Effect of exogenous GnRH at the time of artificial insemination on reproductive performance of Awassi ewes synchronized with progestagen–PMSG–PGF2α combination. Reproduction in Domestic Animals. 2008; 43(3):308-313. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0531.2007.00896.x 16 Omontese B, Rekwot PI, Rwuaan JS, Ate IU, Makun HJ. Effect of prostaglandin and equine chorionic gonadotrophin on estrus behaviour of Sahel goats during the harmattan season. 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