Titulo:
Isolation, Identification And Antimicrobial Susceptibility Pattern Of Salmonella Spp. In Primates In Captivity
.
Sumario:
The salmonellosis is considered the zoonoses most diffused in the earth, his amplitude of host animal has permitted a rapid expansion of the different serotypes in humans, increasing in recent years the severity of gastrointestinal disorders and the resistance of bacteria to conventional treatments. Knowledge of this resistance has as objectives develop strategies of prevention and control against the microorganism, further of define the antimicrobial of election for treatment. In the present study was isolated and identified Salmonella through a coprology sample in ten primates in captive. The colonies suspicious were subjected a biochemical tests and latex agglutination test for confirm the isolation of strains; to later perform the techn... Ver más
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Isolation, Identification And Antimicrobial Susceptibility Pattern Of Salmonella Spp. In Primates In Captivity Isolation, Identification And Antimicrobial Susceptibility Pattern Of Salmonella Spp. In Primates In Captivity The salmonellosis is considered the zoonoses most diffused in the earth, his amplitude of host animal has permitted a rapid expansion of the different serotypes in humans, increasing in recent years the severity of gastrointestinal disorders and the resistance of bacteria to conventional treatments. Knowledge of this resistance has as objectives develop strategies of prevention and control against the microorganism, further of define the antimicrobial of election for treatment. In the present study was isolated and identified Salmonella through a coprology sample in ten primates in captive. The colonies suspicious were subjected a biochemical tests and latex agglutination test for confirm the isolation of strains; to later perform the technique Kirby-Bauer. At finalize the test eight of ten primates sampled were positive for Salmonella spp. In the thirteen antibiograms elaborate was observed 100 % of resistance bacterial to antibiotics: vancomycin, clindamycin, erytrhomycin and penicillin G; a 76,92% resistance to tetracycline, followed by (30,76 %) to streptomycin and chloramphenicol. The resistance was lower (7,69 %) to amikacin and ceftriaxone. This investigation contributes to the knowledge of the sensibility pattern of Salmonella in primates maintained in captive in the step homer for wildlife located in the rural municipality of Florencia (Caquetá-Colombia), and evidence the increasing of resistance in various antimicrobials as chloramphenicol and tetracycline according to studies with other wildlife in this property. RIVERA C, Luis Gabriel Ortegon, Luis Hernando antimicrobials resistance Primates Salmonela. 5 1 Núm. 1 , Año 2013 : RECIA 5(1):ENERO-JUNIO Artículo de revista Journal article 2013-01-13T00:00:00Z 2013-01-13T00:00:00Z 2013-01-13 application/pdf Universidad de Sucre Revista Colombiana de Ciencia Animal - RECIA 2027-4297 https://revistas.unisucre.edu.co/index.php/recia/article/view/477 10.24188/recia.v5.n1.2013.477 https://doi.org/10.24188/recia.v5.n1.2013.477 spa https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/ 131 144 ACHA, P. N.; SZYFRES B. 2001. Bacteriosis. Páginas 3-308 en: ACHA, P. N.; SZYFRES B. (Editores). Zoonosis y enfermedades transmisibles comunes al hombre y a los animales. Editorial Organización Panamericana de la Salud (OPS), Washington. AHRENS, F. A.; MARTIN, R. J. 2008. Antimicrobial Drugs. Páginas 347-377 en: HSU. W. Handbook of veterinary farmacology. Editorial Wiley-Blackwell, State Iowa, USA. BAGGOT, J. D. 2001. Antimicrobial disposition, selection, administration and dosage. Págs. 210-252 en: BAGGOT, J. D (Editor). The physiological basis of veterinary clinical pharmacology. Editoral Blackwell science ltd, London. BAUER A. W.; KIRBY W. M.; SHERRIS J. C.; TURCK, M. 1966. Antibiotic susceptibility testing by a standardized single disc method. American Journal Clinical Pathology 36 (5): 493-496. BOPP, C.; WELLS, J. 2003. Salmonella serotipo Typhi. Páginas 111- 128 en: Centros para el Control y la Prevención de Enfermedades (CDC), WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION (WHO). Manual de Laboratorio para la Identificación y Prueba de Susceptibilidad a los Antimicrobianos de Patógenos Bacterianos de Importancia para la Salud Pública en el Mundo en Desarrollo. WHO/CNEI/CDC/USAID. Atlanta, USA. CAFFER, M.; TERRAGNO, R.; BINSZTEIN, N. 2008. Aislamiento y Caracterización de Salmonella spp. Páginas 9-40 en: CAFFER, M.; TERRAGNO, R.; BINSZTEIN, N. Manual de procedimientos, diagnóstico y caracterización de Salmonella spp. Editorial WHO/OPS/INEI/MSN. Buenos Aires. CORONADO, M. G.; CAVALLINI, E. R.; CONTRERAS, G. R.; PORRAS, R. S.; ESPELETA, G. G. 2004. Flora bacterial oral y su perfil de sensibilidad a antibióticos en monos de Costa Rica (Alouatta palliata y Ateles geoffroyi). Neotropical Primates 12 (1): 12-30. CRIADO, F. M.; IGLESIAS. T. C.; MÁRQUEZ, A. R.; MOLINA, S. J. 2000. Zoonosis y alergia [citado 12 Marzo 2013]; p. 1-22. URL disponible en: http://minnie.uab.es/~veteri/00009/cap9.pdf. DOWLING, P. M. 2004. Antimicrobial therapy. Páginas 13-45 en: BERTONE, J. J., HORSPOOL, L. J (eds). Equine clinical pharmacology. Editorial Saunders. London. GILT-SETAS, A.; RAMOS, A.; MARTIN, C.; URTIAGA, M.; INZA, M. E. 2002. Salmonelosis no tifoidea en un área de salud de Navarra, España. Revista Española de Salud Pública 76 (1): 49-56. GOOD, R. C., MAY, B. D., KAWATOMARI, T. 1969. Enteric pathogens in monkeys. Journal of bacteriology 97 (8): 1048-1055. HELMUTH, R. 2000. Antibiotic resistance in Salmonella. Páginas 89-106 en: WRAY, C.; WRAY, M (eds). Salmonella in Domestic Animals. Editorial CABI Publishing. London. INFOSAN. RED INTERNACIONAL DE AUTORIDADES DE INOCUIDAD DE LOS ALIMENTOS. 2005. Resistencia antimicrobiana a Salmonella. Organización Mundial de la Salud [citado 5 Marzo 2013]; p. 1-4. URL disponible en: <http://www.who.int/foodsafety/fs_management/No_03_Salmonella_Apr05_sp.pdf>. KÜMMERER, K. 2003. Significance of antibiotics in the environment. Journal Antimicrobial Chemotherapy 52 (1): 5-7. LE MINOR, L. 1994. The genus Salmonella. Páginas 2760–2774 en: BALLOWS, A., TRÜPER, H.G., DWORKIN, M., HARBER, W., SCHEIFFER, K. H (eds). The Prokaryotes. Editorial Springer-Verlag. New York. MARTÍN-JIMENEZ, T. 2002. Quimioterapia de las enfermedades bacterianas. Páginas 455-468 en: BOTANA, L. M.; LANDONI, M.F., MARTIN-JIMENEZ, T (eds). Farmacología y terapéutica veterinaria. Editorial McGraw-Hill Interamericana. Madrid. NCCLS. THE CLINICAL AND LABORATORY STANDARDS INSTITUTE (CLSI). 2010. Performance standards for antimicrobial susceptibility testing vol. 30 n. 1. Ed. NCCLS, Wayne, USA. OIE. ORGANIZACIÓN MUNDIAL DE SANIDAD ANIMAL. Zoonosis transmisibles por primates humanos 2010 [citado 26 Junio 2013]; capítulo 6.11 Disponible en: URL: http:// http://web.oie.int/esp/normes/mcode/es_chapitre_1.6.11.htm. ORTEGÓN, L. H. 2004. Manual Teórico Práctico de Microbiología. Editorial Universidad de la Salle. Bogotá. OXOID. 2007. Wellcolex Colour Latex Test Added to Oxoid Range. [citado 26 Junio 2013] URL disponible en: http://www.oxoid.com/uk/blue/press/press.asp?art=Y&arch=Y&pRef=PR0296&c=uk&lang=en&yr=2007. PAUL-MURPHY, J. 1993. Bacterial enterocolitis in nonhuman primates. [citado 12 Febrero 2013]; p. 344-351. URL disponible en: http://www.csew.com/cottontop/sphusbandry/spch7.htm. PATERSON, D. L. 2006. Resistance in gram-negative bacteria: Enterobacteriaceae. The American Journal of Infection Control 34 (1): 20-28. ROACH, C. J.; ELCOCK, D. A.; WATSON, R. C.; DOUGLAS, K. 2003. The prevalence of Salmonella and Shigella in Chlorocebus aethiops in Barbados. Ministry of agriculture, veterinary services laboratory. [citado 22 Marzo 2013]; p. 1-5. URL disponible en: http://www.agriculture.gov.bb/agri/images/stories/information_services/documents/2003NAC/Salmonella_and_Shigella_In_Monkeys_Agriconf.pdf. ROBERTS, M. C. 1996. Tetracycline resistance determinants: mechanisms of action, regulation of expression, genetic mobility, and distribution. Federation of European Microbiological Societies (FEMS) Microbiology Reviews 19 (1): 1–24. RODRIGUEZ-RODRIGUEZ, C. E.; RODRIGUEZ-CAVALLINI, E.; GAMBOA-CORONADO, M.; JIMÉNEZ-CUADRA, S.; SANCHEZ-PORRAS, R.; GUTIERREZ-ESPELETA, G. A. 2007. Flora bacteriana de la cavidad oral del mono tití (Saimiri oerstedii) y su perfil de sensibilidad a antibióticos. Neotropical Primates 14 (2): 103-111. ROLLAND, R. S.; HAUSFATER, G.; MARSHALL, B.; LEVY, S. B. 1985. Antibiotic-Resistance Bacteria in wild primates: Increased Prevalence in Baboons feeding on human refuse. Applied and environmental microbiology 49 (4): 791-794. SILVA-SABI, D.; CHAVEZ E. M.; ESTRADA-CELY, G.; ORTEGON-CARDENAS, L.H. 2010. Prevalencia y perfil de susceptibilidad antimicrobiana de Salmonella sp aislada de Psitácidos en un Hogar de Paso en la Amazonia Colombiana. Momentos de Ciencia 7 (1): 52-56. SOUZA-JUNIOR, J. C., HIRANO, Z. M., ÁVILA-PIRES, F. D., VIEIRA, G. R. 2008. Nota sobre infecção por Salmonella sp. e Shigella sp. em bugios-ruivos, Alouatta clamitans (Primates: Atelidae) mantidos em cativeiro. Brazilian Journal of Veterinary Research Animal Science 45 (2): 266-268. STUART, D. M.; PENDERGAST, V.; RUMFELT., S. GREENSPAN, L.; GLANDER, K. E.; CLARKE, M. R. 1998. Parasites of wild howlers (Alouatta spp.). International Journal of Primatology 19 (3): 493-512. SUMANO, H. S., OCAMPO, L. 2006. Macrólidos, lincosamidas y pleuromutilinas. Páginas 263-291 en: SUMANO, H. S.; OCAMPO, L. (eds). Farmacología veterinaria. Editorial. Editorial McGraw-Hill Interamericana. México D. F. SWAFFHAM, S. 1999. El uso de antibióticos en producción animal y la resistencia antimicrobiana. Páginas 1-17 en: OMS/OPS Organización Mundial de la Salud/ Organización Panamericana de Salud (eds). XI reunión interamericana de salud a nivel ministerial. Washington. TINDALL, B. J.; GRIMONT, P. A.; GARRITY, G. M.; EUZEBY, J. P. 2005. Nomenclature and taxonomy of the genus Salmonella. International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology 55 (2): 521-524. VALENCIA, L.; GARZÓN J. 2007. Evaluación de la prevalencia de salmonelosis y su sensibilidad antibiótica específica en los individuos Geochelone denticulata (Morrocoy) albergados en la zona de quelonios del HPFS de la UNIAMAZONIA y CORPOAMAZONIA. [Trabajo de Grado] Universidad de la Amazonia; Facultad de Ciencias Agropecuarias, Florencia, Colombia. WRAI. WALTER REED ARMY INSTITUTE (WRAI). 1988. Significant Diseases of Nonhuman Primate. WRAI. [citado 8 Marzo 2013]; p. 1-13. URL Disponible en: http://netvet.wustl.edu/species/primates/primzoon.txt WHO. WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION. 2001. Introduction and background. Páginas 9-16 en: WHO Global Strategy for containment of antimicrobial resistance. Ed. WHO, Ginebra, Switzerland. WHO. WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION. 2005. Drug-resistant Salmonella. WHO. [citado 10 Marzo 2013]; Fact sheet Nº 139. URL disponible en: http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs139/en/ https://revistas.unisucre.edu.co/index.php/recia/article/download/477/524 info:eu-repo/semantics/article http://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_6501 http://purl.org/redcol/resource_type/ARTREF info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion http://purl.org/coar/version/c_970fb48d4fbd8a85 info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess http://purl.org/coar/access_right/c_abf2 Text Publication |
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UNIVERSIDAD DE SUCRE |
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https://nuevo.metarevistas.org/UNIVERSIDADDESUCRE/logo.png |
| country_str |
Colombia |
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Revista Colombiana de Ciencia Animal - RECIA |
| title |
Isolation, Identification And Antimicrobial Susceptibility Pattern Of Salmonella Spp. In Primates In Captivity |
| spellingShingle |
Isolation, Identification And Antimicrobial Susceptibility Pattern Of Salmonella Spp. In Primates In Captivity RIVERA C, Luis Gabriel Ortegon, Luis Hernando antimicrobials resistance Primates Salmonela. |
| title_short |
Isolation, Identification And Antimicrobial Susceptibility Pattern Of Salmonella Spp. In Primates In Captivity |
| title_full |
Isolation, Identification And Antimicrobial Susceptibility Pattern Of Salmonella Spp. In Primates In Captivity |
| title_fullStr |
Isolation, Identification And Antimicrobial Susceptibility Pattern Of Salmonella Spp. In Primates In Captivity |
| title_full_unstemmed |
Isolation, Identification And Antimicrobial Susceptibility Pattern Of Salmonella Spp. In Primates In Captivity |
| title_sort |
isolation, identification and antimicrobial susceptibility pattern of salmonella spp. in primates in captivity |
| title_eng |
Isolation, Identification And Antimicrobial Susceptibility Pattern Of Salmonella Spp. In Primates In Captivity |
| description |
The salmonellosis is considered the zoonoses most diffused in the earth, his amplitude of host animal has permitted a rapid expansion of the different serotypes in humans, increasing in recent years the severity of gastrointestinal disorders and the resistance of bacteria to conventional treatments. Knowledge of this resistance has as objectives develop strategies of prevention and control against the microorganism, further of define the antimicrobial of election for treatment. In the present study was isolated and identified Salmonella through a coprology sample in ten primates in captive. The colonies suspicious were subjected a biochemical tests and latex agglutination test for confirm the isolation of strains; to later perform the technique Kirby-Bauer. At finalize the test eight of ten primates sampled were positive for Salmonella spp. In the thirteen antibiograms elaborate was observed 100 % of resistance bacterial to antibiotics: vancomycin, clindamycin, erytrhomycin and penicillin G; a 76,92% resistance to tetracycline, followed by (30,76 %) to streptomycin and chloramphenicol. The resistance was lower (7,69 %) to amikacin and ceftriaxone. This investigation contributes to the knowledge of the sensibility pattern of Salmonella in primates maintained in captive in the step homer for wildlife located in the rural municipality of Florencia (Caquetá-Colombia), and evidence the increasing of resistance in various antimicrobials as chloramphenicol and tetracycline according to studies with other wildlife in this property.
|
| author |
RIVERA C, Luis Gabriel Ortegon, Luis Hernando |
| author_facet |
RIVERA C, Luis Gabriel Ortegon, Luis Hernando |
| topicspa_str_mv |
antimicrobials resistance Primates Salmonela. |
| topic |
antimicrobials resistance Primates Salmonela. |
| topic_facet |
antimicrobials resistance Primates Salmonela. |
| citationvolume |
5 |
| citationissue |
1 |
| citationedition |
Núm. 1 , Año 2013 : RECIA 5(1):ENERO-JUNIO |
| publisher |
Universidad de Sucre |
| ispartofjournal |
Revista Colombiana de Ciencia Animal - RECIA |
| source |
https://revistas.unisucre.edu.co/index.php/recia/article/view/477 |
| language |
spa |
| format |
Article |
| rights |
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/ info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess http://purl.org/coar/access_right/c_abf2 |
| references |
ACHA, P. N.; SZYFRES B. 2001. Bacteriosis. Páginas 3-308 en: ACHA, P. N.; SZYFRES B. (Editores). Zoonosis y enfermedades transmisibles comunes al hombre y a los animales. Editorial Organización Panamericana de la Salud (OPS), Washington. AHRENS, F. A.; MARTIN, R. J. 2008. Antimicrobial Drugs. Páginas 347-377 en: HSU. W. Handbook of veterinary farmacology. Editorial Wiley-Blackwell, State Iowa, USA. BAGGOT, J. D. 2001. Antimicrobial disposition, selection, administration and dosage. Págs. 210-252 en: BAGGOT, J. D (Editor). The physiological basis of veterinary clinical pharmacology. Editoral Blackwell science ltd, London. BAUER A. W.; KIRBY W. M.; SHERRIS J. C.; TURCK, M. 1966. Antibiotic susceptibility testing by a standardized single disc method. American Journal Clinical Pathology 36 (5): 493-496. BOPP, C.; WELLS, J. 2003. Salmonella serotipo Typhi. Páginas 111- 128 en: Centros para el Control y la Prevención de Enfermedades (CDC), WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION (WHO). Manual de Laboratorio para la Identificación y Prueba de Susceptibilidad a los Antimicrobianos de Patógenos Bacterianos de Importancia para la Salud Pública en el Mundo en Desarrollo. WHO/CNEI/CDC/USAID. Atlanta, USA. CAFFER, M.; TERRAGNO, R.; BINSZTEIN, N. 2008. Aislamiento y Caracterización de Salmonella spp. Páginas 9-40 en: CAFFER, M.; TERRAGNO, R.; BINSZTEIN, N. Manual de procedimientos, diagnóstico y caracterización de Salmonella spp. Editorial WHO/OPS/INEI/MSN. Buenos Aires. CORONADO, M. G.; CAVALLINI, E. R.; CONTRERAS, G. R.; PORRAS, R. S.; ESPELETA, G. G. 2004. Flora bacterial oral y su perfil de sensibilidad a antibióticos en monos de Costa Rica (Alouatta palliata y Ateles geoffroyi). Neotropical Primates 12 (1): 12-30. CRIADO, F. M.; IGLESIAS. T. C.; MÁRQUEZ, A. R.; MOLINA, S. J. 2000. Zoonosis y alergia [citado 12 Marzo 2013]; p. 1-22. URL disponible en: http://minnie.uab.es/~veteri/00009/cap9.pdf. DOWLING, P. M. 2004. Antimicrobial therapy. Páginas 13-45 en: BERTONE, J. J., HORSPOOL, L. J (eds). Equine clinical pharmacology. Editorial Saunders. London. GILT-SETAS, A.; RAMOS, A.; MARTIN, C.; URTIAGA, M.; INZA, M. E. 2002. Salmonelosis no tifoidea en un área de salud de Navarra, España. Revista Española de Salud Pública 76 (1): 49-56. GOOD, R. C., MAY, B. D., KAWATOMARI, T. 1969. Enteric pathogens in monkeys. Journal of bacteriology 97 (8): 1048-1055. HELMUTH, R. 2000. Antibiotic resistance in Salmonella. Páginas 89-106 en: WRAY, C.; WRAY, M (eds). Salmonella in Domestic Animals. Editorial CABI Publishing. London. INFOSAN. RED INTERNACIONAL DE AUTORIDADES DE INOCUIDAD DE LOS ALIMENTOS. 2005. Resistencia antimicrobiana a Salmonella. Organización Mundial de la Salud [citado 5 Marzo 2013]; p. 1-4. URL disponible en: <http://www.who.int/foodsafety/fs_management/No_03_Salmonella_Apr05_sp.pdf>. KÜMMERER, K. 2003. Significance of antibiotics in the environment. Journal Antimicrobial Chemotherapy 52 (1): 5-7. LE MINOR, L. 1994. The genus Salmonella. Páginas 2760–2774 en: BALLOWS, A., TRÜPER, H.G., DWORKIN, M., HARBER, W., SCHEIFFER, K. H (eds). The Prokaryotes. Editorial Springer-Verlag. New York. MARTÍN-JIMENEZ, T. 2002. Quimioterapia de las enfermedades bacterianas. Páginas 455-468 en: BOTANA, L. M.; LANDONI, M.F., MARTIN-JIMENEZ, T (eds). Farmacología y terapéutica veterinaria. Editorial McGraw-Hill Interamericana. Madrid. NCCLS. THE CLINICAL AND LABORATORY STANDARDS INSTITUTE (CLSI). 2010. Performance standards for antimicrobial susceptibility testing vol. 30 n. 1. Ed. NCCLS, Wayne, USA. OIE. ORGANIZACIÓN MUNDIAL DE SANIDAD ANIMAL. Zoonosis transmisibles por primates humanos 2010 [citado 26 Junio 2013]; capítulo 6.11 Disponible en: URL: http:// http://web.oie.int/esp/normes/mcode/es_chapitre_1.6.11.htm. ORTEGÓN, L. H. 2004. Manual Teórico Práctico de Microbiología. Editorial Universidad de la Salle. Bogotá. OXOID. 2007. Wellcolex Colour Latex Test Added to Oxoid Range. [citado 26 Junio 2013] URL disponible en: http://www.oxoid.com/uk/blue/press/press.asp?art=Y&arch=Y&pRef=PR0296&c=uk&lang=en&yr=2007. PAUL-MURPHY, J. 1993. Bacterial enterocolitis in nonhuman primates. [citado 12 Febrero 2013]; p. 344-351. URL disponible en: http://www.csew.com/cottontop/sphusbandry/spch7.htm. PATERSON, D. L. 2006. Resistance in gram-negative bacteria: Enterobacteriaceae. The American Journal of Infection Control 34 (1): 20-28. ROACH, C. J.; ELCOCK, D. A.; WATSON, R. C.; DOUGLAS, K. 2003. The prevalence of Salmonella and Shigella in Chlorocebus aethiops in Barbados. Ministry of agriculture, veterinary services laboratory. [citado 22 Marzo 2013]; p. 1-5. URL disponible en: http://www.agriculture.gov.bb/agri/images/stories/information_services/documents/2003NAC/Salmonella_and_Shigella_In_Monkeys_Agriconf.pdf. ROBERTS, M. C. 1996. Tetracycline resistance determinants: mechanisms of action, regulation of expression, genetic mobility, and distribution. Federation of European Microbiological Societies (FEMS) Microbiology Reviews 19 (1): 1–24. RODRIGUEZ-RODRIGUEZ, C. E.; RODRIGUEZ-CAVALLINI, E.; GAMBOA-CORONADO, M.; JIMÉNEZ-CUADRA, S.; SANCHEZ-PORRAS, R.; GUTIERREZ-ESPELETA, G. A. 2007. Flora bacteriana de la cavidad oral del mono tití (Saimiri oerstedii) y su perfil de sensibilidad a antibióticos. Neotropical Primates 14 (2): 103-111. ROLLAND, R. S.; HAUSFATER, G.; MARSHALL, B.; LEVY, S. B. 1985. Antibiotic-Resistance Bacteria in wild primates: Increased Prevalence in Baboons feeding on human refuse. Applied and environmental microbiology 49 (4): 791-794. SILVA-SABI, D.; CHAVEZ E. M.; ESTRADA-CELY, G.; ORTEGON-CARDENAS, L.H. 2010. Prevalencia y perfil de susceptibilidad antimicrobiana de Salmonella sp aislada de Psitácidos en un Hogar de Paso en la Amazonia Colombiana. Momentos de Ciencia 7 (1): 52-56. SOUZA-JUNIOR, J. C., HIRANO, Z. M., ÁVILA-PIRES, F. D., VIEIRA, G. R. 2008. Nota sobre infecção por Salmonella sp. e Shigella sp. em bugios-ruivos, Alouatta clamitans (Primates: Atelidae) mantidos em cativeiro. Brazilian Journal of Veterinary Research Animal Science 45 (2): 266-268. STUART, D. M.; PENDERGAST, V.; RUMFELT., S. GREENSPAN, L.; GLANDER, K. E.; CLARKE, M. R. 1998. Parasites of wild howlers (Alouatta spp.). International Journal of Primatology 19 (3): 493-512. SUMANO, H. S., OCAMPO, L. 2006. Macrólidos, lincosamidas y pleuromutilinas. Páginas 263-291 en: SUMANO, H. S.; OCAMPO, L. (eds). Farmacología veterinaria. Editorial. Editorial McGraw-Hill Interamericana. México D. F. SWAFFHAM, S. 1999. El uso de antibióticos en producción animal y la resistencia antimicrobiana. Páginas 1-17 en: OMS/OPS Organización Mundial de la Salud/ Organización Panamericana de Salud (eds). XI reunión interamericana de salud a nivel ministerial. Washington. TINDALL, B. J.; GRIMONT, P. A.; GARRITY, G. M.; EUZEBY, J. P. 2005. Nomenclature and taxonomy of the genus Salmonella. International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology 55 (2): 521-524. VALENCIA, L.; GARZÓN J. 2007. Evaluación de la prevalencia de salmonelosis y su sensibilidad antibiótica específica en los individuos Geochelone denticulata (Morrocoy) albergados en la zona de quelonios del HPFS de la UNIAMAZONIA y CORPOAMAZONIA. [Trabajo de Grado] Universidad de la Amazonia; Facultad de Ciencias Agropecuarias, Florencia, Colombia. WRAI. WALTER REED ARMY INSTITUTE (WRAI). 1988. Significant Diseases of Nonhuman Primate. WRAI. [citado 8 Marzo 2013]; p. 1-13. URL Disponible en: http://netvet.wustl.edu/species/primates/primzoon.txt WHO. WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION. 2001. Introduction and background. Páginas 9-16 en: WHO Global Strategy for containment of antimicrobial resistance. Ed. WHO, Ginebra, Switzerland. WHO. WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION. 2005. Drug-resistant Salmonella. WHO. [citado 10 Marzo 2013]; Fact sheet Nº 139. URL disponible en: http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs139/en/ |
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