Construcción y propiedades psicométricas de la Escala de Soledad en adultos
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Se presenta el procedimiento de construcción y las propiedades psicométricas de la escala de Soledad de Buenos Aires (ESBA). Se depuró un conjunto inicial de 40 ítems con el método de jueces expertos. Luego, los 16 reactivos conservados fueron administrados a una muestra por accesibilidad de 509 participantes adultos (53% fueron mujeres). Se aplicó en conjunto con la ESBA, la versión argentina de la Escala de Soledad de Los Ángeles California (UCLA-LS), la Versión Argentina del Inventario Balanceado de Respuestas Socialmente Deseables y preguntas de autopercepción de la soledad. El Análisis Factorial Exploratorio mostró evidencias de unidimensionalidad, con una consistencia interna adecuada (alfa=.80; alfa ordinal=.87) y se conservaron siet... Ver más
2011-2084
2011-7922
12
2019-09-05
82
90
International Journal of Psychological Research - 2019
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UNIVERSIDAD DE SAN BUENAVENTURA |
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country_str |
Colombia |
collection |
International Journal of Psychological Research |
title |
Construcción y propiedades psicométricas de la Escala de Soledad en adultos |
spellingShingle |
Construcción y propiedades psicométricas de la Escala de Soledad en adultos Auné, Sofía E. Abal, Facundo J.P. Attorresi, Horacio F. loneliness self-perception of social isolation test construction Soledad aislamiento social autopercibido construcción de tests |
title_short |
Construcción y propiedades psicométricas de la Escala de Soledad en adultos |
title_full |
Construcción y propiedades psicométricas de la Escala de Soledad en adultos |
title_fullStr |
Construcción y propiedades psicométricas de la Escala de Soledad en adultos |
title_full_unstemmed |
Construcción y propiedades psicométricas de la Escala de Soledad en adultos |
title_sort |
construcción y propiedades psicométricas de la escala de soledad en adultos |
description |
Se presenta el procedimiento de construcción y las propiedades psicométricas de la escala de Soledad de Buenos Aires (ESBA). Se depuró un conjunto inicial de 40 ítems con el método de jueces expertos. Luego, los 16 reactivos conservados fueron administrados a una muestra por accesibilidad de 509 participantes adultos (53% fueron mujeres). Se aplicó en conjunto con la ESBA, la versión argentina de la Escala de Soledad de Los Ángeles California (UCLA-LS), la Versión Argentina del Inventario Balanceado de Respuestas Socialmente Deseables y preguntas de autopercepción de la soledad. El Análisis Factorial Exploratorio mostró evidencias de unidimensionalidad, con una consistencia interna adecuada (alfa=.80; alfa ordinal=.87) y se conservaron siete ítems. Las correlaciones con las medidas criterio arrojaron resultados esperables y no se halló funcionamiento diferencial del ítem por género. Se concluyó acerca de las adecuadas propiedades psicométricas de la ESBA, las limitaciones del presente estudio y metas para futuras investigaciones.
|
description_eng |
The development procedure and the psychometric properties of the Buenos Aires Loneliness Scale (BALS) are presented. An initial set of 40 items was analyzed by means of the expert judgment method. After that, the 16 selected items were administered to a convenience sample comprised of 509 adult participants (53 % of which were female). The Argentine version of the UCLA-LS (University of California Los Angeles Loneliness Scale), the Argentine version of the Balanced Inventory of Socially Desirable Responding, and loneliness self-perception questions were applied in conjunction with the BALS. Exploratory factor analysis showed evidence of unidimensionality, with an adequate internal consistency (alpha=.80, ordinal alpha=.87), and seven items were kept. Correlations with the criterion measures yielded the expected results and no gender-based differential item functioning was found. Conclusions were reached about the adequate psychometric properties of the BALS, the limitations of the present study, and the goals for future research.
|
author |
Auné, Sofía E. Abal, Facundo J.P. Attorresi, Horacio F. |
author_facet |
Auné, Sofía E. Abal, Facundo J.P. Attorresi, Horacio F. |
topic |
loneliness self-perception of social isolation test construction Soledad aislamiento social autopercibido construcción de tests |
topic_facet |
loneliness self-perception of social isolation test construction Soledad aislamiento social autopercibido construcción de tests |
topicspa_str_mv |
Soledad aislamiento social autopercibido construcción de tests |
citationvolume |
12 |
citationissue |
2 |
citationedition |
Núm. 2 , Año 2019 : Volume 12(2) |
publisher |
Universidad San Buenaventura - USB (Colombia) |
ispartofjournal |
International Journal of Psychological Research |
source |
https://revistas.usb.edu.co/index.php/IJPR/article/view/4257 |
language |
eng |
format |
Article |
rights |
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/ International Journal of Psychological Research - 2019 info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess http://purl.org/coar/access_right/c_abf2 |
references_eng |
Abal, F. J. P., Auné, S. E., Lozzia, G. S., & Attorresi, H. F. (2017). The role of a central category among items in a confidence in mathematics scale. Evaluar, 17(2), 18-31. Aiken, L. R. (1980). Content validity and reliability of single items or questionnaires. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 40(4), 955-959. doi: 10.1177/2F001316448004000419 Aiken, L. R. (1985). Three coefficients for analyzing the reliability and validity of ratings. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 45(1), 131-142. doi:10.1177/2F0013164485451012 Antoni, M. H., Lutgendorf, S. K., Cole, S. W., Dhabhar, F. S., Sephton, S. E., McDonald, P. G., . . . Sood, A. K. (2006). The influence of bio-behavioural factors on tumour biology: pathways and mechanisms. Nature Reviews Cancer, 6(3), 240-248. doi: 10.1038/nrc1820 Auné, S. E., Abal, F. J. P., & Attorresi, H. F. (2017a). Effects of gender and education on happiness in argentinian adults. Liberabit, 23(2), 169-188. doi:10.24265/liberabit.2017.v23n2.02 Auné, S. E., Abal, F. J. P., & Attorresi, H. F. (2017b). Argentine version of the Happiness Scale from Lima. Diversitas, 13(2), 201-214. doi:10.15332/s1794-9998.2017.0002.05 Auné, S. E., Abal, F. J. P., & Attorresi, H. F. (2019). Modelization of the UCLA Loneliness Scale According to the Multidimensional Item Response Theory. Manuscript sent for peer review. Badii, A., Guillen, O. P., Lugo, S., & Garnica, J. A. (2014). Non-Parametric Correlation and Its Application in Scientific Research. International Journal of Good Conscience, 9(2), 31-40. Beytía, P. (2016). The singularity of Latin American patterns of happiness. In Mariano Rojas (Ed.), Handbook of Happiness Research in Latin America (pp. 17-29). Dordrecht, Holanda: Springer. doi:10.1007/978-94-017-7203-7 Cacioppo, J. T., & Hawkey, L. C. (2009). Perceived social isolation and cognition. Trends Cogn Sci, 13(10), 447-454. doi: 10.1016/j.tics.2009.06.005 Cacioppo, J. T., Hawkley, L. C., Ernst, J. M., Burleson, M., Bertnson, G. G., Nouriani, B., & Spiegel, D. (2006). Loneliness within a nomological net: an evolutionary perspective. Journal of Research in Personality, 40(6), 1054-1085. doi:10.1016/j.jrp.2005.11.007 Cai, L. (2012). flexMIRT: Flexible multilevel item factor analysis and test scoring [Computer software]. Seattle, WA: Vector Psychometric Group, LLC. Cai, L., Thissen, D., & du Toit, S. (2011). IRTPRO user's guide. Lincolnwood, IL: Scientific Software International. Caspi, A., Harrington, H., Moffitt, T.E., Milne, B.J., & Poulton, R. (2006). Socially isolated children 20 years later: risk of cardiovascular disease. Archives of Pediatrics and adolescent Medicine, 160(8), 805-811. doi:10.1001/archpedi.160.8.805 De Jong Gierveld, J., & Kamphuis, F. (1985). The development of a Rasch-type loneliness scale. Applied Psychological Measurement, 9(3), 289-299. doi:10.1177/014662168500900307 De Jong Gierveld, J., & van Tilburg, T. G. (1999). Manual of the Loneliness Scale. VU University Amsterdam, Department of Social Research Methodology. De Jong Gierveld, J., & van Tilburg, T. G. (2006). A six-item scale for overall, emotional and social loneliness: confirmative tests on new survey data. Research on Aging, 28(5), 582-598. doi:10.1177/0164027506289723 De Jong Gierveld J., van Tilburg T. G, & Dykstra, P. A. (2016). Loneliness and social isolation. In: Vangelisti A., Perlman. D (Eds.) Cambridge Handbook of Personal Relationships (pp. 485-500). Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. DiTommaso, E., Brannen, C., & Best, L. A. (2004). Measurement and validity characteristics of the short version of the Social and Emotional Loneliness Scale for Adults. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 64(1), 99-119. doi:10.1177/0013164403258450 DiTommaso, E., & Spinner, B. (1993). The development and initial validation of the Social and Emotional Loneliness Scale for Adults (SELSA). Personality and Individual Differences, 14(1), 127-134. doi:10.1016/0191-8869(93)90182-3 Domínguez Lara, S. (2018). Reliability and ordinal alpha. Actas Urológicas Españolas 42(2), 140-141. doi:10.1016/j.acuro.2017.07.002 Ferrando, P. J., & Lorenzo-Seva, U. (2014). El análisis factorial exploratorio de los ítems: algunas consideraciones adicionales. Anales de Psicología, 30(3), 1170-1175. doi:10.6018/analesps.30.3.199991 Ferrando, P. J., & Lorenzo-Seva, U. (2017). Program FACTOR at 10: Origins, development and future directions. Psicothema, 29(2), 236-240. doi:10.7334/psicothema2016.304 Hair, J. F., Anderson, R.E., Tatham, R. L. & Black, W. C. (1999). Análisis Multivariante. Madrid, España: Prentice Hall Iberia. Hawkley, L. C., Hughes, M. E., Waite, L. J., Masi, C. M., Thisted, R. A., & Cacioppo, J. T. (2008). From social structural factors to perceptions of relationship quality and loneliness: the Chicago health, aging, and social relations study. The Journals of Gerontology Series B: Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences, 63(6), 375-384. doi:10.1093/geronb/63.6.S375 Hawkley, L. C., Thisted, R. A., Masi, C. M., & Cacioppo, J. T. (2010). Loneliness predicts increased blood pressure: 5-year cross-lagged analyses in middle-aged and older adults. Psychology and Aging, 25(1), 132-141. doi:10.1037/a0017805 Herlitz, J., Wiklund, I., Caidahl, K., Hartford, M., Haglid, M., Karlsson, B.W., . . . Karlsson, T. (1998). The feeling of loneliness prior to coronary artery bypass grafting might be a predictor of short-and long-term postoperative mortality. European Journal of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, 16(2), 120-125. doi:10.1016/S1078-5884(98)80152-4 Holt-Lunstad, J., Smith, T. B., Baker, M., Harris, T., & Stephenson, D. (2015). Loneliness and social isolation as risk factors for mortality: a meta-analytic review. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 10(2), 227-237. doi:10.1177/1745691614568352 Korkmaz S., Goksuluk D. & Zararsiz G. (2014). MVN: An R Package for Assessing Multivariate Normality. The R Journal, 6(2), 151-162. Retrieved from https://journal.r-project.org/archive/2014-2/korkmaz-goksuluk-zararsiz.pdf Langer, M. (2008). A reexamination of Lord’s Wald test for differential item functioning using item response theory and modern error estimation (Unpublished doctoral dissertation). University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill. Lozano, L. M., García-Cueto, E. & Muñiz, J. (2008). Effect of the Number of Response Categories on the Reliability and Validity of Rating Scales. Methodology, 4(2), 73-79. doi:10.1027/1614-2241.4.2.73 Mardia, K. V. (1970). Measures of multivariate skewnees and kurtosis with applications. Biometrika, 57(3), 519-530. doi:10.1093/biomet/57.3.519 Mikulic, I. M., Crespi, M., & Caballero, R. (2016). Psychometric study of Balanced Inventory of Desirable Responding. Anuario de Psicología, 46(2), 58-66. doi:10.1016/j.anpsic.2016.07.002 Mikulincer, M., & Shaver, P. R. (Eds.). (2014). Mechanisms of social connection: From brain to group. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association. Nausheen, B., Gidron, Y., Peveler, R., & Moss-Morris, R. (2009). Social support and cancer progression: a systematic review. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 67(5), 403-415. doi:10.1016/j.jpsychores.2008.12.012 Paulhus, D. L. (1988). Manual for the Balanced Inventory of Desirable Responding (BIDR-6). Unpublished manual, University of British Columbia. Perissinotto, C. M., & Covinsky, K. E. (2014). Living alone, socially isolated or lonely. What are we measuring? Journal of General Internal Medicine, 29(11), 1429-1431. doi:10.1007/s11606-014-2977-8 Perlman, D., & Peplau, L. A. (1981). Toward a social psychology of loneliness. In R. Gilmour & S. Duck (Eds.), Personal relationships 3: Personal relationships in disorder (pp. 31-43). London, UK: Academic Press. Russell, D. (1996). UCLA-LS Loneliness Scale (Version 3): Reliability, Validity, and Factor Structure. Journal of Personality Assessment, 66(1), 20-40. doi:10.1207/s15327752jpa6601_2 Russell, D., Cutrona, C., McRae, C., & Gomez, M. (2012). Is loneliness the same as being alone? The Journal of Psych ology, 146(1-2), 7-22. doi:10.1080/00223980.2011.589414 Russell, D., Peplau, L., & Cutrona, C. (1980). The revised UCLA-LS Loneliness Scale: Concurrent and discriminant validity evidence. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 39(3), 472-480. Russell, D., Peplau, L. A., & Ferguson, M. L. (1978). Developing a measure of loneliness. Journal of Personality Assessment, 42(3), 290-294. doi:10.1207/s15327752jpa4203_11 Sacchi, C. & Richaud de Minzi, M. C. (1997). La Escala Revisada de Soledad de UCLA-LS: Una adaptación argentina. Revista Argentina de Clínica Psicológica, 6(1), 43-53. Samejima, F. (1969). Estimation of latent ability using a response pattern of graded scores. Psychometrika monograph supplement, 17(4), 2. doi:10.1002/j.2333-8504.1968.tb00153.x Sorkin, D., Rook, K. S., & Lu, J. L. (2002). Loneliness, lack of emotional support, lack of companionship, and the likelihood of having a heart condition in an elderly sample. Annals of Behavioral Medicine, 24(4), 290-298. doi:10.1207/S15324796ABM2404_05 Soto, C. M. & Segovia, J. L. (2009). Confidence intervals for the content validity: A Visual Basic computer program for the Aiken’s V. Anales de Psicología, 25(1), 169-171. Timmerman, M. E., & Lorenzo-Seva, U. (2011). Dimensionality assessment of ordered polytomous items with parallel analysis. Psychological Methods, 16(2), 209-220. doi:10.1037/a0023353 Van Orden, A., Witte, T. K., Cukrowicz, K. C., Braithwaite, S., Selby, E. A., Joiner Jr., T. E. (2010). The Interpersonal Theory of Suicide. Psychological Review, 117(2), 575-600. doi:10.1037/a0018697 Weiss, R. S. (1973). Loneliness: The experience of emotional and social isolation. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press. Wilson, R.S., Krueger, K.R., Arnold, S.E., Schneider, J.A., Kelly, J.F., Barnes, L.L., . . . Bennett, D.A. (2007). Loneliness and risk of Alzheimer disease. Archives of General Psychiatry, 64(2), 234-240. doi:10.1001/archpsyc.64.2.234 |
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Construcción y propiedades psicométricas de la Escala de Soledad en adultos Construcción y propiedades psicométricas de la Escala de Soledad en adultos Se presenta el procedimiento de construcción y las propiedades psicométricas de la escala de Soledad de Buenos Aires (ESBA). Se depuró un conjunto inicial de 40 ítems con el método de jueces expertos. Luego, los 16 reactivos conservados fueron administrados a una muestra por accesibilidad de 509 participantes adultos (53% fueron mujeres). Se aplicó en conjunto con la ESBA, la versión argentina de la Escala de Soledad de Los Ángeles California (UCLA-LS), la Versión Argentina del Inventario Balanceado de Respuestas Socialmente Deseables y preguntas de autopercepción de la soledad. El Análisis Factorial Exploratorio mostró evidencias de unidimensionalidad, con una consistencia interna adecuada (alfa=.80; alfa ordinal=.87) y se conservaron siete ítems. Las correlaciones con las medidas criterio arrojaron resultados esperables y no se halló funcionamiento diferencial del ítem por género. Se concluyó acerca de las adecuadas propiedades psicométricas de la ESBA, las limitaciones del presente estudio y metas para futuras investigaciones. The development procedure and the psychometric properties of the Buenos Aires Loneliness Scale (BALS) are presented. An initial set of 40 items was analyzed by means of the expert judgment method. After that, the 16 selected items were administered to a convenience sample comprised of 509 adult participants (53 % of which were female). The Argentine version of the UCLA-LS (University of California Los Angeles Loneliness Scale), the Argentine version of the Balanced Inventory of Socially Desirable Responding, and loneliness self-perception questions were applied in conjunction with the BALS. Exploratory factor analysis showed evidence of unidimensionality, with an adequate internal consistency (alpha=.80, ordinal alpha=.87), and seven items were kept. Correlations with the criterion measures yielded the expected results and no gender-based differential item functioning was found. Conclusions were reached about the adequate psychometric properties of the BALS, the limitations of the present study, and the goals for future research. Auné, Sofía E. Abal, Facundo J.P. Attorresi, Horacio F. loneliness self-perception of social isolation test construction Soledad aislamiento social autopercibido construcción de tests 12 2 Núm. 2 , Año 2019 : Volume 12(2) Artículo de revista Journal article 2019-09-05T22:27:21Z 2019-09-05T22:27:21Z 2019-09-05 application/pdf text/xml Universidad San Buenaventura - USB (Colombia) International Journal of Psychological Research 2011-2084 2011-7922 https://revistas.usb.edu.co/index.php/IJPR/article/view/4257 10.21500/20112084.4257 https://doi.org/10.21500/20112084.4257 eng https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/ International Journal of Psychological Research - 2019 82 90 Abal, F. J. P., Auné, S. E., Lozzia, G. S., & Attorresi, H. F. (2017). The role of a central category among items in a confidence in mathematics scale. Evaluar, 17(2), 18-31. Aiken, L. R. (1980). Content validity and reliability of single items or questionnaires. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 40(4), 955-959. doi: 10.1177/2F001316448004000419 Aiken, L. R. (1985). Three coefficients for analyzing the reliability and validity of ratings. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 45(1), 131-142. doi:10.1177/2F0013164485451012 Antoni, M. H., Lutgendorf, S. K., Cole, S. W., Dhabhar, F. S., Sephton, S. E., McDonald, P. G., . . . Sood, A. K. (2006). The influence of bio-behavioural factors on tumour biology: pathways and mechanisms. Nature Reviews Cancer, 6(3), 240-248. doi: 10.1038/nrc1820 Auné, S. E., Abal, F. J. P., & Attorresi, H. F. (2017a). Effects of gender and education on happiness in argentinian adults. Liberabit, 23(2), 169-188. doi:10.24265/liberabit.2017.v23n2.02 Auné, S. E., Abal, F. J. P., & Attorresi, H. F. (2017b). Argentine version of the Happiness Scale from Lima. Diversitas, 13(2), 201-214. doi:10.15332/s1794-9998.2017.0002.05 Auné, S. E., Abal, F. J. P., & Attorresi, H. F. (2019). Modelization of the UCLA Loneliness Scale According to the Multidimensional Item Response Theory. Manuscript sent for peer review. Badii, A., Guillen, O. P., Lugo, S., & Garnica, J. A. (2014). Non-Parametric Correlation and Its Application in Scientific Research. International Journal of Good Conscience, 9(2), 31-40. Beytía, P. (2016). The singularity of Latin American patterns of happiness. In Mariano Rojas (Ed.), Handbook of Happiness Research in Latin America (pp. 17-29). Dordrecht, Holanda: Springer. doi:10.1007/978-94-017-7203-7 Cacioppo, J. T., & Hawkey, L. C. (2009). Perceived social isolation and cognition. Trends Cogn Sci, 13(10), 447-454. doi: 10.1016/j.tics.2009.06.005 Cacioppo, J. T., Hawkley, L. C., Ernst, J. M., Burleson, M., Bertnson, G. G., Nouriani, B., & Spiegel, D. (2006). Loneliness within a nomological net: an evolutionary perspective. Journal of Research in Personality, 40(6), 1054-1085. doi:10.1016/j.jrp.2005.11.007 Cai, L. (2012). flexMIRT: Flexible multilevel item factor analysis and test scoring [Computer software]. Seattle, WA: Vector Psychometric Group, LLC. Cai, L., Thissen, D., & du Toit, S. (2011). IRTPRO user's guide. Lincolnwood, IL: Scientific Software International. Caspi, A., Harrington, H., Moffitt, T.E., Milne, B.J., & Poulton, R. (2006). Socially isolated children 20 years later: risk of cardiovascular disease. Archives of Pediatrics and adolescent Medicine, 160(8), 805-811. doi:10.1001/archpedi.160.8.805 De Jong Gierveld, J., & Kamphuis, F. (1985). The development of a Rasch-type loneliness scale. Applied Psychological Measurement, 9(3), 289-299. doi:10.1177/014662168500900307 De Jong Gierveld, J., & van Tilburg, T. G. (1999). Manual of the Loneliness Scale. VU University Amsterdam, Department of Social Research Methodology. De Jong Gierveld, J., & van Tilburg, T. G. (2006). A six-item scale for overall, emotional and social loneliness: confirmative tests on new survey data. Research on Aging, 28(5), 582-598. doi:10.1177/0164027506289723 De Jong Gierveld J., van Tilburg T. G, & Dykstra, P. A. (2016). Loneliness and social isolation. In: Vangelisti A., Perlman. D (Eds.) Cambridge Handbook of Personal Relationships (pp. 485-500). Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. DiTommaso, E., Brannen, C., & Best, L. A. (2004). Measurement and validity characteristics of the short version of the Social and Emotional Loneliness Scale for Adults. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 64(1), 99-119. doi:10.1177/0013164403258450 DiTommaso, E., & Spinner, B. (1993). The development and initial validation of the Social and Emotional Loneliness Scale for Adults (SELSA). Personality and Individual Differences, 14(1), 127-134. doi:10.1016/0191-8869(93)90182-3 Domínguez Lara, S. (2018). Reliability and ordinal alpha. Actas Urológicas Españolas 42(2), 140-141. doi:10.1016/j.acuro.2017.07.002 Ferrando, P. J., & Lorenzo-Seva, U. (2014). El análisis factorial exploratorio de los ítems: algunas consideraciones adicionales. Anales de Psicología, 30(3), 1170-1175. doi:10.6018/analesps.30.3.199991 Ferrando, P. J., & Lorenzo-Seva, U. (2017). Program FACTOR at 10: Origins, development and future directions. Psicothema, 29(2), 236-240. doi:10.7334/psicothema2016.304 Hair, J. F., Anderson, R.E., Tatham, R. L. & Black, W. C. (1999). Análisis Multivariante. Madrid, España: Prentice Hall Iberia. Hawkley, L. C., Hughes, M. E., Waite, L. J., Masi, C. M., Thisted, R. A., & Cacioppo, J. T. (2008). From social structural factors to perceptions of relationship quality and loneliness: the Chicago health, aging, and social relations study. The Journals of Gerontology Series B: Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences, 63(6), 375-384. doi:10.1093/geronb/63.6.S375 Hawkley, L. C., Thisted, R. A., Masi, C. M., & Cacioppo, J. T. (2010). Loneliness predicts increased blood pressure: 5-year cross-lagged analyses in middle-aged and older adults. Psychology and Aging, 25(1), 132-141. doi:10.1037/a0017805 Herlitz, J., Wiklund, I., Caidahl, K., Hartford, M., Haglid, M., Karlsson, B.W., . . . Karlsson, T. (1998). The feeling of loneliness prior to coronary artery bypass grafting might be a predictor of short-and long-term postoperative mortality. European Journal of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, 16(2), 120-125. doi:10.1016/S1078-5884(98)80152-4 Holt-Lunstad, J., Smith, T. B., Baker, M., Harris, T., & Stephenson, D. (2015). Loneliness and social isolation as risk factors for mortality: a meta-analytic review. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 10(2), 227-237. doi:10.1177/1745691614568352 Korkmaz S., Goksuluk D. & Zararsiz G. (2014). MVN: An R Package for Assessing Multivariate Normality. The R Journal, 6(2), 151-162. Retrieved from https://journal.r-project.org/archive/2014-2/korkmaz-goksuluk-zararsiz.pdf Langer, M. 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Archives of General Psychiatry, 64(2), 234-240. doi:10.1001/archpsyc.64.2.234 https://revistas.usb.edu.co/index.php/IJPR/article/download/4257/3433 https://revistas.usb.edu.co/index.php/IJPR/article/download/4257/3670 info:eu-repo/semantics/article http://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_6501 info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion http://purl.org/coar/version/c_970fb48d4fbd8a85 info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess http://purl.org/coar/access_right/c_abf2 Text Publication |