Titulo:
Estudio comparativo de la prevalencia de la depresión entre estudiantes universitarios: Diferencias de edad y género
.
Sumario:
Los desórdenes depresivos son la enfermedad más típica que afecta diferentes dimensiones del ser humano. Los estudiantes universitarios pueden estar bajo el riesgo de la depresión debido a la presión y estrés que enfrentan normalmente. Por lo tanto, el propósito de este estudio consiste en comparar el nivel de depresión entre hombres y mujeres atletas y no atletas que son estudiantes universitarios de una universidad privada en Esfahan, Iran. La muestra de esta investigación está compuesta por 400 hombres y mujeres atletas y no atletas iraníes que son estudiantes universitarios. El test de depressión de Beck (Beck depression test -BDI) fue utilizado para medir el grado de depresión. Una prueba t fue usada para evaluar l... Ver más
Guardado en:
2011-2084
2011-7922
7
2014-07-01
38
50
http://purl.org/coar/access_right/c_abf2
info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess
International Journal of Psychological Research - 2014
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metarevistapublica_unisanbuenaventura_internationaljournalofpsychologicalresearch_21-article-657 |
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Estudio comparativo de la prevalencia de la depresión entre estudiantes universitarios: Diferencias de edad y género Depresión Artículo de revista prevalencia actividad física estudiantes universitarios. Estudio comparativo de la prevalencia de la depresión entre estudiantes universitarios: Diferencias de edad y género Los desórdenes depresivos son la enfermedad más típica que afecta diferentes dimensiones del ser humano. Los estudiantes universitarios pueden estar bajo el riesgo de la depresión debido a la presión y estrés que enfrentan normalmente. Por lo tanto, el propósito de este estudio consiste en comparar el nivel de depresión entre hombres y mujeres atletas y no atletas que son estudiantes universitarios de una universidad privada en Esfahan, Iran. La muestra de esta investigación está compuesta por 400 hombres y mujeres atletas y no atletas iraníes que son estudiantes universitarios. El test de depressión de Beck (Beck depression test -BDI) fue utilizado para medir el grado de depresión. Una prueba t fue usada para evaluar la diferencia entre atletas y no atletas en P≤0.05 El ANOVA fue llevado a cabo para examinar si había relación entre el nivel depresión entre atletas y no atletas. El resultado mostró que el índice de prevalencia de depresión entre los estudiantes no atletas hombres era significativamente más alta que aquellos que si lo eran. Los resultados también presentaron que el nivel de depresión entre mujeres estudiantes es mucho más frecuente que en hombres. Esto se puede deber a que la fatiga y falta de energía que es más frecuente a comparación con los varones. La actividad física estuvo negativamente relacionada al nivel de depresión por la severidad entre hombres y mujeres. Sin embargo, no hay relaciones diferentes entre la actividad física y el nivel de depresión de acuerdo a la edad de los atletas y no atletas hombres y mujeres. Este estudio tiene implicaciones esenciales para la psicología clínica o la psicología de salud debido a la relación entre la actividad física y la prevalencia de la depresión. Ibrahim, G. (1989). Serum Concentrations of Circulating Thyroid Hormones in a Group of Depressed Men. Neuropsychobiology, 22, 8-10. Lucas, M., Mekary, R. & Pan, A. (2011). Relation Between Clinical Depression Risk and Physical Activity and Time Spent Watching Television in Older Women: A 10-Year Prospective Follow-up Study. American Journal of Epidemiology, 174, 1017-1027. Le, H., Munoz, R.F., Ippen, C.G. & Stoddard J.L., (2003). Treatment is not enough: we must prevent major depression in women. Prevent Treat, 6, 187-194. Khalil, A.H., Rabie, M.A. & Abdou, T.A. (2010). Clinical characteristics of depression among adolescent females: a cross-sectional study. Child and Adolescent. Psychiatry and Mental Health, 4, 1-7. Karen, E., Johnson, B.S. & Lindsay, A.T. (2011). Relationships between physical activity and depressive symptoms among middle and older adolescents: A review of the research literaturejspn. Journal for Specialists in Pediatric Nursing, 16, 235-251. Johnson, K.E. & Taliaferro, L.A. (2011). Relationships between physical activity and depressive symptoms among middle and older adolescents: A review of the research literature. J Spec Pediatr Nurs, 16, 235-251. Johnson, K.E., Kubik, M.Y. & McMorris, B.J. (2011). Prevalence and social-environmental correlates of sports team participation among alternative high school students. J Phys Act Health, 8, 606-612. Jerstad, S.J., Boutelle, K.N. & Ness, K.K. (2010). Prospective Reciprocal Relations between Physical Activity and Depression in Adolescent Females. J Consult Clin Psychol, 78, 268-272. Dunn, A.L., Trivedi, M.H., Kampert, J.B., Clark, C.G. & Chambliss, H.O. (2005). Exercise treatment for depression Efficacy and dose response. Am J Prev Med, 28, 1-8. Franck, E., De Raedt, R., Dereu, M.R. & Abbeele, V.D. (2007). Implicit and explicit selfesteem in currently depressed individuals with and without suicidal ideation. J Behav Ther Exp Psy, 38, 75-85. Hisli, N. (1989). Beck Depresyon Envanteri’nin üniversite ögrencileri için geçerligi güvenirligi [Validity and Reliability of Beck Depression Inventory for University Students]. Psikoloji Dergisi, 23, 3-13. Hawthorne, G., Goldney, R. & Taylor, A.W. (2008). Depression prevalence: Is it really increasing? Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry, 42, 606-616. Okyay, P., Atasoylu, G., Onde, M., Dereboy, C. & Beşer, E. (2012). How is Quality of Life Affected in Women in The Presence of Anxiety and Depression Symptoms? Turk Psikiyatri Derg. 23, 178-88. Craft, L.L., Freund, K.M. & Perna, F.M. (2007). Intervention study of exercise for depressive symptoms in women. Journal of Women's Health, 16, 1499-1509. Dishman, R.K., Hales, D.P., Pfeiffer, K.A., Felton, G., Saunders, R., Ward, D.S., … Pate, R.R. (2006). Physical self-concept and self-esteem mediate cross-sectional relations of physical activity and sport participation with depression symptoms among adolescent girls. Health Psychol, 25, 396-407. Gargari, A.S., Jorkesh, M., Dehghanpor, M. & Asadollahi, A. (2012). Influence of aerobic exercises to music on the depression women non-athletes. Eur J Sport and Exe Sci, 1, 24-28. Galambos, N.L., Leadbeater, B.J. & Barker, E.T. (2004). Gender differences in and risk factors for depression in adolescence: A 4-year longitudinal study. Int J Behav Dev, 28, 16-25. Mobily, K.E., Rubinstein, L.M., Lemke, J.H. & Wallace, R.B. (1996). Walking and depression in a cohort of older adults: The Iowa 65+ Rural Health Study. Journal of Aging and Physical Activity, 4, 119-135. Patten, C. A., Choi, W. S., Vickers, K. S., & Pierce, J.P. (2001). Persistence of depressive symptoms in adolescents. Neuropsychopharmacology, 25, S89-S91. Paffenbarger, R.S., Lee, I.M. & Leung, R. (1994). Physical activity and personal characteristics associated with depression and suicide in American college men. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 377, 16-22. Yang, J., Peek-Asa, C., Corlette, J.D., Cheng, G., Foster, D.T. & Albright, J. (2007). Prevalence of and risk factors associated with symptoms of depression in competitive collegiate student athletes. Clinical Journal of Sport Medicine, 17, 481-487. Text http://purl.org/coar/access_right/c_abf2 info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess http://purl.org/coar/version/c_970fb48d4fbd8a85 info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion http://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_6501 info:eu-repo/semantics/article Weissman, M.M. & Klerman, G.L. (1985). Gender and depression. Trends in Neurosciences, 8, 815-819. Paluska, S.A. & Schwenk, T.L. (2000). Physical activity and mental health: current concepts. Sports Medicine, 29, 167-180. Wardle, J., Steptoe, A., Gulis, G. & Sartory, G. (2004). Depression, perceived control, and life satisfac tion in university students from Central-Eastern and Western Europe. International Journal of Behavioral Medicine, 11, 27-36. Ustun, T.B., Ayuso-Mateos, J.L., Chatterji, S., Mathers, C. & Murray, C.J.L. (2004). Global burden of depressive disorders in the year 2000. British Journal of Psychiatry and Mental Health, 184, 386-392. Talebzadeh, F. (2014). Comparing the Mental Health of Female Athlete and Non-Athlete Students in the City of Indica. Medicine and Public Health Journal, 1, 11-15. Strohle, A. (2009). Physical activity, exercise, depression and anxiety disorders. J Neural Transm, 116, 777–784. Stordal, E., Krüger, B.M., Dahl, N.H., Krüger, O., Mykletun, A., & Dahl, A.A. (2001). Depression in relation to age and gender in the general population: the Nord-Trondelag Health Study (HUNT). Acta Psychiat Scand, 104, 210–216. Soet, J. & Sevig, T. (2006). Mental health issues facing a diverse sample of college students: Results from the College Student Mental Health Survey. NASPA Journal, 43, 410-431. Compass, B.E., Oppedisano, G., Connor, J.K., Gerhardt, C. A., Hinden, B.R., Achenbach, T.M. & Hammen, C. (1997). Gender Differences in Depressive Symptoms in Adolescence: Comparison of National Samples of Clinically Referred and Youths. J. Consult Clinical Psychol, 65, 617-626. Pataki, C.S. (2000). Mood disorders and suicide in children and adolescents. In: Sadock, B.J., Freedman, A.M., Kaplan, H.I. (Eds.). Comprehensive Textbook of Psychiatry. 7th ed. (pp. 2740-2767). Philadelphia: Williams and Wilkins. Coopeland, J.R., Beekman, A.T. & Dewey, M.E. (1999). Depression in Europe Geographical. Distribution among Older People. British Journal of Psychiatry, 174, 312-321. Bland, R.C. (1997). Epidemiology of affective disorders: A review. Canadian Journal of Psychiatry, 42, 367-377. Cohen, S. (2004). Social relationships and health. American Psychologist, 59, 676-684. Inglés Depressive disorders are the most typical disease affecting many different factors of humanity. University students may be at increased risk of depression owing to the pressure and stress they encounter. Therefore, the purpose of this study is comparing the level of depression among male and female athletes and non-athletes undergraduate student of private university in Esfahan, Iran. The participants in this research are composed of 400 male and female athletes as well as no-athletes Iranian undergraduate students. The Beck depression test (BDI) was employed to measure the degree of depression. T-test was used to evaluate the distinction between athletes and non-athletes at P≤0.05. The ANOVA was conducted to examine whether there was a relationship between level of depression among non-athletes and athletes. The result showed that the prevalence rate of depression among non-athlete male undergraduate students is significantly higher than that of athlete male students. The results also presented that level of depression among female students is much more frequent compared to males. This can be due to the fatigue and lack of energy that are more frequent among female in comparison to the male students. Physical activity was negatively related to the level of depression by severity among male and female undergraduate students. However, there is no distinct relationship between physical activity and level of depression according to the age of athlete and non-athlete male and female undergraduate students. This study has essential implications for clinical psychology due to the relationship between physical activity and prevalence of depression. Ghaedi, Leila Mohd Kosnin, Azlina binti Depression Physical activity Prevalence Undergraduate students. 7 2 Journal article application/pdf Universidad San Buenaventura - USB (Colombia) International Journal of Psychological Research Buber, I. & Engelhardt, H. (2008). The relation between depressive symptoms and age among older Europeans Findings from SHARE. VDI, 01, 1-21. https://revistas.usb.edu.co/index.php/IJPR/article/view/657 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/ Apfel, J.L. (2004). Depresison and Its Treatments: A College Sample. Journal of College Student Psychotherapy, 18, 67-81. Brooks, T.L., Harris, S.K., Thrall, J.S. & Woods, E.R. (2002). Association of adolescent risk behaviors with mental health symptoms in high school students. J Adolesc Health, 31, 240-246. Bitsika, V., Sharpley, C.F. & Melhem, T.C. (2010). Gender Differences in Factor Scores of Anxiety and Depression among Australian University Students: Implications for ounselling Interventions. Canadian Journal of Counselling, 44, 51-64. Bhave, S. & Nagpal, J. (2005). Anxiety and depressive disorders in college youth. Pediatric Clinics of North America, 52, 97-134. Beck, A.T. & Greenberg, R.L. (1974). Available from: The center of Cognitive Therapy. Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA. Beck, A.T., Steer, R.A., & Brown, G.K. (1996). Manual for the Beck Depression Inventory-II. San Antonio, TX: Psychological Corporation. Bagherpour, T. & Shojaei, M. (2010). Comparing depression degrees in first and last two years of starting and finishing college education among athletic and none athletic students international. Journal of Sports Science and Engineering, 4, 174-180. Avison, W.R. & McAlpine, D.D. (1992). Gender differences in symptoms of depression among adolescents. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 33, 77-96. Athari, P., Ghaedi, L. & Kosnin, A.b.M. (2013). Mothers’ depression and stress, severity of autism among children and family income. International Journal of Psychology, 6(2): 98-106 Armstrong, S.A. & Oomen-Early, J. (2009). Social connectedness, self-esteem, and depression symptomatology among collegiate athletes versus nonathletes. Journal of American College Health, 57, 521-526. Publication International Journal of Psychological Research - 2014 Ammouri, A. A., Kaur, H., Neuberger, G. B., Gajewski, B. & Choi, W. S. (2007). Correlates of exercise participation in adolescents. Public Health Nursing, 24, 111-120. Al-Busaidi, Z. (2010). A qualitative study on the attitudes and beliefs towards help seeking for emotional distress in Omani women and Omani general practitioners: Implications for post-graduate training. Oman Medical Journal, 25, 189-198. 2014-07-01T00:00:00Z 2014-07-01 https://revistas.usb.edu.co/index.php/IJPR/article/download/657/458 50 2011-2084 2011-7922 38 10.21500/20112084.657 https://doi.org/10.21500/20112084.657 2014-07-01T00:00:00Z |
| institution |
UNIVERSIDAD DE SAN BUENAVENTURA |
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https://nuevo.metarevistas.org/UNIVERSIDADDESANBUENAVENTURA_COLOMBIA/logo.png |
| country_str |
Colombia |
| collection |
International Journal of Psychological Research |
| title |
Estudio comparativo de la prevalencia de la depresión entre estudiantes universitarios: Diferencias de edad y género |
| spellingShingle |
Estudio comparativo de la prevalencia de la depresión entre estudiantes universitarios: Diferencias de edad y género Ghaedi, Leila Mohd Kosnin, Azlina binti Depresión prevalencia actividad física estudiantes universitarios. Depression Physical activity Prevalence Undergraduate students. |
| title_short |
Estudio comparativo de la prevalencia de la depresión entre estudiantes universitarios: Diferencias de edad y género |
| title_full |
Estudio comparativo de la prevalencia de la depresión entre estudiantes universitarios: Diferencias de edad y género |
| title_fullStr |
Estudio comparativo de la prevalencia de la depresión entre estudiantes universitarios: Diferencias de edad y género |
| title_full_unstemmed |
Estudio comparativo de la prevalencia de la depresión entre estudiantes universitarios: Diferencias de edad y género |
| title_sort |
estudio comparativo de la prevalencia de la depresión entre estudiantes universitarios: diferencias de edad y género |
| description |
Los desórdenes depresivos son la enfermedad más típica que afecta diferentes dimensiones del ser humano. Los estudiantes universitarios pueden estar bajo el riesgo de la depresión debido a la presión y estrés que enfrentan normalmente. Por lo tanto, el propósito de este estudio consiste en comparar el nivel de depresión entre hombres y mujeres atletas y no atletas que son estudiantes universitarios de una universidad privada en Esfahan, Iran. La muestra de esta investigación está compuesta por 400 hombres y mujeres atletas y no atletas iraníes que son estudiantes universitarios. El test de depressión de Beck (Beck depression test -BDI) fue utilizado para medir el grado de depresión. Una prueba t fue usada para evaluar la diferencia entre atletas y no atletas en P≤0.05 El ANOVA fue llevado a cabo para examinar si había relación entre el nivel depresión entre atletas y no atletas. El resultado mostró que el índice de prevalencia de depresión entre los estudiantes no atletas hombres era significativamente más alta que aquellos que si lo eran. Los resultados también presentaron que el nivel de depresión entre mujeres estudiantes es mucho más frecuente que en hombres. Esto se puede deber a que la fatiga y falta de energía que es más frecuente a comparación con los varones. La actividad física estuvo negativamente relacionada al nivel de depresión por la severidad entre hombres y mujeres. Sin embargo, no hay relaciones diferentes entre la actividad física y el nivel de depresión de acuerdo a la edad de los atletas y no atletas hombres y mujeres. Este estudio tiene implicaciones esenciales para la psicología clínica o la psicología de salud debido a la relación entre la actividad física y la prevalencia de la depresión.
|
| description_eng |
Depressive disorders are the most typical disease affecting many different factors of humanity. University students may be at increased risk of depression owing to the pressure and stress they encounter. Therefore, the purpose of this study is comparing the level of depression among male and female athletes and non-athletes undergraduate student of private university in Esfahan, Iran. The participants in this research are composed of 400 male and female athletes as well as no-athletes Iranian undergraduate students. The Beck depression test (BDI) was employed to measure the degree of depression. T-test was used to evaluate the distinction between athletes and non-athletes at P≤0.05. The ANOVA was conducted to examine whether there was a relationship between level of depression among non-athletes and athletes. The result showed that the prevalence rate of depression among non-athlete male undergraduate students is significantly higher than that of athlete male students. The results also presented that level of depression among female students is much more frequent compared to males. This can be due to the fatigue and lack of energy that are more frequent among female in comparison to the male students. Physical activity was negatively related to the level of depression by severity among male and female undergraduate students. However, there is no distinct relationship between physical activity and level of depression according to the age of athlete and non-athlete male and female undergraduate students. This study has essential implications for clinical psychology due to the relationship between physical activity and prevalence of depression.
|
| author |
Ghaedi, Leila Mohd Kosnin, Azlina binti |
| author_facet |
Ghaedi, Leila Mohd Kosnin, Azlina binti |
| topicspa_str_mv |
Depresión prevalencia actividad física estudiantes universitarios. |
| topic |
Depresión prevalencia actividad física estudiantes universitarios. Depression Physical activity Prevalence Undergraduate students. |
| topic_facet |
Depresión prevalencia actividad física estudiantes universitarios. Depression Physical activity Prevalence Undergraduate students. |
| citationvolume |
7 |
| citationissue |
2 |
| publisher |
Universidad San Buenaventura - USB (Colombia) |
| ispartofjournal |
International Journal of Psychological Research |
| source |
https://revistas.usb.edu.co/index.php/IJPR/article/view/657 |
| language |
Inglés |
| format |
Article |
| rights |
http://purl.org/coar/access_right/c_abf2 info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/ International Journal of Psychological Research - 2014 |
| references_eng |
Ibrahim, G. (1989). Serum Concentrations of Circulating Thyroid Hormones in a Group of Depressed Men. Neuropsychobiology, 22, 8-10. Lucas, M., Mekary, R. & Pan, A. (2011). Relation Between Clinical Depression Risk and Physical Activity and Time Spent Watching Television in Older Women: A 10-Year Prospective Follow-up Study. American Journal of Epidemiology, 174, 1017-1027. Le, H., Munoz, R.F., Ippen, C.G. & Stoddard J.L., (2003). Treatment is not enough: we must prevent major depression in women. Prevent Treat, 6, 187-194. Khalil, A.H., Rabie, M.A. & Abdou, T.A. (2010). Clinical characteristics of depression among adolescent females: a cross-sectional study. Child and Adolescent. Psychiatry and Mental Health, 4, 1-7. Karen, E., Johnson, B.S. & Lindsay, A.T. (2011). Relationships between physical activity and depressive symptoms among middle and older adolescents: A review of the research literaturejspn. Journal for Specialists in Pediatric Nursing, 16, 235-251. Johnson, K.E. & Taliaferro, L.A. (2011). Relationships between physical activity and depressive symptoms among middle and older adolescents: A review of the research literature. J Spec Pediatr Nurs, 16, 235-251. Johnson, K.E., Kubik, M.Y. & McMorris, B.J. (2011). Prevalence and social-environmental correlates of sports team participation among alternative high school students. J Phys Act Health, 8, 606-612. Jerstad, S.J., Boutelle, K.N. & Ness, K.K. (2010). Prospective Reciprocal Relations between Physical Activity and Depression in Adolescent Females. J Consult Clin Psychol, 78, 268-272. Dunn, A.L., Trivedi, M.H., Kampert, J.B., Clark, C.G. & Chambliss, H.O. (2005). Exercise treatment for depression Efficacy and dose response. Am J Prev Med, 28, 1-8. Franck, E., De Raedt, R., Dereu, M.R. & Abbeele, V.D. (2007). Implicit and explicit selfesteem in currently depressed individuals with and without suicidal ideation. J Behav Ther Exp Psy, 38, 75-85. Hisli, N. (1989). Beck Depresyon Envanteri’nin üniversite ögrencileri için geçerligi güvenirligi [Validity and Reliability of Beck Depression Inventory for University Students]. Psikoloji Dergisi, 23, 3-13. Hawthorne, G., Goldney, R. & Taylor, A.W. (2008). Depression prevalence: Is it really increasing? Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry, 42, 606-616. Okyay, P., Atasoylu, G., Onde, M., Dereboy, C. & Beşer, E. (2012). How is Quality of Life Affected in Women in The Presence of Anxiety and Depression Symptoms? Turk Psikiyatri Derg. 23, 178-88. Craft, L.L., Freund, K.M. & Perna, F.M. (2007). Intervention study of exercise for depressive symptoms in women. Journal of Women's Health, 16, 1499-1509. Dishman, R.K., Hales, D.P., Pfeiffer, K.A., Felton, G., Saunders, R., Ward, D.S., … Pate, R.R. (2006). Physical self-concept and self-esteem mediate cross-sectional relations of physical activity and sport participation with depression symptoms among adolescent girls. Health Psychol, 25, 396-407. Gargari, A.S., Jorkesh, M., Dehghanpor, M. & Asadollahi, A. (2012). Influence of aerobic exercises to music on the depression women non-athletes. Eur J Sport and Exe Sci, 1, 24-28. Galambos, N.L., Leadbeater, B.J. & Barker, E.T. (2004). Gender differences in and risk factors for depression in adolescence: A 4-year longitudinal study. Int J Behav Dev, 28, 16-25. Mobily, K.E., Rubinstein, L.M., Lemke, J.H. & Wallace, R.B. (1996). Walking and depression in a cohort of older adults: The Iowa 65+ Rural Health Study. Journal of Aging and Physical Activity, 4, 119-135. Patten, C. A., Choi, W. S., Vickers, K. S., & Pierce, J.P. (2001). Persistence of depressive symptoms in adolescents. Neuropsychopharmacology, 25, S89-S91. Paffenbarger, R.S., Lee, I.M. & Leung, R. (1994). Physical activity and personal characteristics associated with depression and suicide in American college men. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 377, 16-22. Yang, J., Peek-Asa, C., Corlette, J.D., Cheng, G., Foster, D.T. & Albright, J. (2007). Prevalence of and risk factors associated with symptoms of depression in competitive collegiate student athletes. Clinical Journal of Sport Medicine, 17, 481-487. Weissman, M.M. & Klerman, G.L. (1985). Gender and depression. Trends in Neurosciences, 8, 815-819. Paluska, S.A. & Schwenk, T.L. (2000). Physical activity and mental health: current concepts. Sports Medicine, 29, 167-180. Wardle, J., Steptoe, A., Gulis, G. & Sartory, G. (2004). Depression, perceived control, and life satisfac tion in university students from Central-Eastern and Western Europe. International Journal of Behavioral Medicine, 11, 27-36. Ustun, T.B., Ayuso-Mateos, J.L., Chatterji, S., Mathers, C. & Murray, C.J.L. (2004). Global burden of depressive disorders in the year 2000. British Journal of Psychiatry and Mental Health, 184, 386-392. Talebzadeh, F. (2014). Comparing the Mental Health of Female Athlete and Non-Athlete Students in the City of Indica. Medicine and Public Health Journal, 1, 11-15. Strohle, A. (2009). Physical activity, exercise, depression and anxiety disorders. J Neural Transm, 116, 777–784. Stordal, E., Krüger, B.M., Dahl, N.H., Krüger, O., Mykletun, A., & Dahl, A.A. (2001). Depression in relation to age and gender in the general population: the Nord-Trondelag Health Study (HUNT). Acta Psychiat Scand, 104, 210–216. Soet, J. & Sevig, T. (2006). Mental health issues facing a diverse sample of college students: Results from the College Student Mental Health Survey. NASPA Journal, 43, 410-431. Compass, B.E., Oppedisano, G., Connor, J.K., Gerhardt, C. A., Hinden, B.R., Achenbach, T.M. & Hammen, C. (1997). Gender Differences in Depressive Symptoms in Adolescence: Comparison of National Samples of Clinically Referred and Youths. J. Consult Clinical Psychol, 65, 617-626. Pataki, C.S. (2000). Mood disorders and suicide in children and adolescents. In: Sadock, B.J., Freedman, A.M., Kaplan, H.I. (Eds.). Comprehensive Textbook of Psychiatry. 7th ed. (pp. 2740-2767). Philadelphia: Williams and Wilkins. Coopeland, J.R., Beekman, A.T. & Dewey, M.E. (1999). Depression in Europe Geographical. Distribution among Older People. British Journal of Psychiatry, 174, 312-321. Bland, R.C. (1997). Epidemiology of affective disorders: A review. Canadian Journal of Psychiatry, 42, 367-377. Cohen, S. (2004). Social relationships and health. American Psychologist, 59, 676-684. Buber, I. & Engelhardt, H. (2008). The relation between depressive symptoms and age among older Europeans Findings from SHARE. VDI, 01, 1-21. Apfel, J.L. (2004). Depresison and Its Treatments: A College Sample. Journal of College Student Psychotherapy, 18, 67-81. Brooks, T.L., Harris, S.K., Thrall, J.S. & Woods, E.R. (2002). Association of adolescent risk behaviors with mental health symptoms in high school students. J Adolesc Health, 31, 240-246. Bitsika, V., Sharpley, C.F. & Melhem, T.C. (2010). Gender Differences in Factor Scores of Anxiety and Depression among Australian University Students: Implications for ounselling Interventions. Canadian Journal of Counselling, 44, 51-64. Bhave, S. & Nagpal, J. (2005). Anxiety and depressive disorders in college youth. Pediatric Clinics of North America, 52, 97-134. Beck, A.T. & Greenberg, R.L. (1974). Available from: The center of Cognitive Therapy. Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA. Beck, A.T., Steer, R.A., & Brown, G.K. (1996). Manual for the Beck Depression Inventory-II. San Antonio, TX: Psychological Corporation. Bagherpour, T. & Shojaei, M. (2010). Comparing depression degrees in first and last two years of starting and finishing college education among athletic and none athletic students international. Journal of Sports Science and Engineering, 4, 174-180. Avison, W.R. & McAlpine, D.D. (1992). 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