Ciencias cognitivas de la audición: Desarrollo y datos normativos de la tarea auditiva del test Stroop
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Objetivo: Este estudio desarrolló y alcanzó un claro entendimiento en una prueba auditiva de Stroop, implementable en las ciencias auditivas cognitivas. Métodos: Se desarrolló un test auditivo de Stroop y se aplicó en 178 participantes entre los 18 y los 69 años de edad. Este test auditivo de Stroop constaba dos pruebas, a saber: Stroop-tonos y Stroop-palabras. El tono de los tonos puros y de las palabras habladas (es decir, las palabras alto y bajo) tenían que ser identificadas por alto o bajo, respectivamente. Se calculó una puntuación de interferencia como medida del funcionamiento ejecutivo verbal. Se realizaron modelos de regresión para examinar el efecto de la edad, el sexo, la educación, la vigilia, la audición, así como la memoria d... Ver más
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Ciencias cognitivas de la audición: Desarrollo y datos normativos de la tarea auditiva del test Stroop Test Stroop auditivo Artículo de revista ciencias auditivas cognitivas datos normativos Objetivo: Este estudio desarrolló y alcanzó un claro entendimiento en una prueba auditiva de Stroop, implementable en las ciencias auditivas cognitivas. Métodos: Se desarrolló un test auditivo de Stroop y se aplicó en 178 participantes entre los 18 y los 69 años de edad. Este test auditivo de Stroop constaba dos pruebas, a saber: Stroop-tonos y Stroop-palabras. El tono de los tonos puros y de las palabras habladas (es decir, las palabras alto y bajo) tenían que ser identificadas por alto o bajo, respectivamente. Se calculó una puntuación de interferencia como medida del funcionamiento ejecutivo verbal. Se realizaron modelos de regresión para examinar el efecto de la edad, el sexo, la educación, la vigilia, la audición, así como la memoria de trabajo visual y verbal y la velocidad de procesamiento en todas las puntuaciones auditivas de Stroop. Se obtuvieron datos normativos por década. Resultados: Los resultados del Stroop auditivo podrían predecirse mejor por la memoria de trabajo verbal y la velocidad de procesamiento en comparación con las contrapartes visuales. Se observó una tendencia que mostraba una disminución de los resultados con el aumento de la edad. Ninguna otra variable relacionada con los participantes parecía tener una relación significativa con la prueba auditiva de Stroop. Conclusión: Este test auditivo de Stroop se consideró una buena prueba para medir el funcionamiento ejecutivo utilizando estímulos auditivos. La aplicación de esta prueba auditiva de Stroop dentro de las ciencias auditivas cognitivas contribuirá a desentrañar la perspectiva auditivo-cognitiva de la comprensión del habla. Ciencias cognitivas de la audición: Desarrollo y datos normativos de la tarea auditiva del test Stroop Jensen, A. R., & Rohwer Jr, W. D. (1966). The Stroop color-word test: a review. Acta psychologica, 25, 36–93. https://doi.org/10.1016/0001-6918(66)90004-7. Menard, S. (2002). Applied logistic regression analysis (Vol. 106). Sage. Majeres, R. L. (1997). Sex differences in phonetic processing: Speed of identification of alphabetical sequences. Perceptual Motor Skills, 85 (3_suppl), 1243–1251. https://doi.org/10.2466/pms.1997.85.3f.1243. MacLeod, C. M. (1991). Half a century of research on the Stroop effect: an integrative review. Psychological bulletin, 109 (2), Article 163. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.109.2.163. Livingston, G., Sommerlad, A., Orgeta, V., Costafreda, S. G., Huntley, J., Ames, D., Ballard, C., Banerjee, S., Burns, A., Cohen-Mansfield, J., Cooper, C., Fox, N., Gitlin, L. N., Howard, R., Kales, H. C., Larson, E. B., Ritchie, K., Rockwood, K., Sampson, E. L., . . . Mukadam, N. (2017). Dementia prevention, intervention, and care. The Lancet, 390 (10113), 2673–2734. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(17)31363-6. Lezak, M. D., Howieson, D. B., Loring, D. W., & Fischer, J. S. (2004). Neuropsychological assessment. Oxford University Press. Lewin, C., Wolgers, G., & Herlitz, A. (2001). Sex differences favoring women in verbal but not in visuospatial episodic memory. Neuropsychology, 15 (2), 165. https://doi.org/10.1037/0894-4105.15.2.165. Laerd Statistics. (2015). Multiple regression using SPSS Statistics. Statistical tutorials and software guides. https://statistics.laerd.com/. Knight, S., & Heinrich, A. (2017). Different measures of auditory and visual Stroop interference and their relationship to speech intelligibility in noise. Front Psychol, 8, Article 230. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2017.00230. Kronholm, E., Sallinen, M., Suutama, T., Sulkava, R., Era, P., & Partonen, T. (2009). Selfreported sleep duration and cognitive functioning in the general population. Journal of sleep research, 18 (4), 436–446. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2869.2009.00765.x. Kemper, S., Schmalzried, R., Herman, R., Leedahl, S., & Mohankumar, D. (2009). The effects of aging and dual task demands on language production. Aging, Neuropsychology, and Cognition, 16 (3), 241–259. https://doi.org/10.1080/13825580802438868. Klein, M., Ponds, R. W., Houx, P. J., & Jolles, J. (1997). Effect of test duration on age-related differences in Stroop interference. Journal of clinical and experimental neuropsychology, 19 (1), 77–82. https://doi.org/10.1080/01688639708403838. Nasreddine, Z. S., Phillips, N. A., Bédirian, V., Charbonneau, S., Whitehead, V., Collin, I., & Chertkow, H. (2005). The Montreal Cognitive Assessment, MoCA: a brief screening tool for mild cognitive impairment. Journal of American Geriatric Society, 53 (4), 695–699. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1532-5415.2005.53221.x. Janse, E. (2012). A non-auditory measure of interference predicts distraction by competing speech in older adults. Aging, Neuropsychology, and Cognition, 19 (6), 741–758. https://doi.org/10.1080/13825585.2011.652590. Kiessling, J., Pichora-Fuller, M. K., Gatehouse, S., Stephens, D., Arlinger, S., Chisolm, T., Davis, A. C., Erber, N. P., Hickson, L., Holmes, A., Rosenhall, U., & von Wedel, H. (2003). Candidature for and delivery of audiological services: Special needs of older people. International Journal of Audiology, 42, 92–101. https://doi.org/10.3109/14992020309074650. Kestens, K., Degeest, S., Miatton, M., & Keppler, H. (2021). Visual and Verbal working memory and processing speed across the adult lifespan: the effect of age, sex, educational level, awakeness, and hearing sensitivity. Frontiers in Psychology, 12 (668828). https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.668828. Kestens, K., Degeest, S., & Keppler, H. (2021). The Effect of Cognition on the Aided Benefit in Terms of Speech Understanding and Listening Effort Obtained With Digital Hearing Aids: A Systematic Review. American Journal of Audiology, 30, 190–210. https://doi.org/10.1044/2020_aja-20-00019. Kessels, R. P., van Den Berg, E., Ruis, C., & Brands, A. M. (2008). The backward span of the Corsi Block-Tapping Task and its association with the WAIS-III Digit Span. Assessment, 15 (4), 426–434. https://doi.org/10.1177/1073191108315611. Most, S. B., Sorber, A. V., & Cunningham, J. G. (2007). Auditory Stroop reveals implicit sex associations in adults and children. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 43 (2), 287–294. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jesp.2006.02.002. Shor, R. E. (1975). An auditory analog of the Stroop test. Journal of General Psychology, 93, Article 281. Roberts, K. L., & Hall, D. A. (2008). Examining a supramodal network for conflict processing: a systematic review and novel functional magnetic resonance imaging data for related visual and auditory Stroop tasks. Journal of cognitive neuroscience, 20 (6), 1063–1078. https://doi.org/10.1162/jocn.2008.20074. Zahodne, L. B., Stern, Y., & Manly, J. J. (2015). Differing effects of education on cognitive decline in diverse elders with low versus high educational attainment. Neuropsychology, 29 (4), 649. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/neu0000141. Text http://purl.org/coar/access_right/c_abf2 info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess http://purl.org/coar/version/c_970fb48d4fbd8a85 info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion http://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_6501 info:eu-repo/semantics/article Zekveld, A. A., van Scheepen, J., Versfeld, N. J., Kramer, S. E., & van Steenbergen, H. (2020). The Influence of Hearing Loss on Cognitive Control in an Auditory Conflict Task: Behavioral and Pupillometry Findings. Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research, 63 (7), 2483–2492. https://doi.org/10.1044/2020_JSLHR-20-00107. Wurm, L. H., Labouvie-Vief, G., Aycock, J., Rebucal, K. A., & Koch, H. E. (2004). Performance in auditory and visual emotional Stroop tasks: a comparison of older and younger adults. Psychology and aging, 19 (3), 523. https://doi.org/10.1037/0882-7974.19.3.523. Sachdev, P. S., Blacker, D., Blazer, D. G., Ganguli, M., Jeste, D. V., Paulsen, J. S., & Petersen, R. C. (2014). Classifying neurocognitive disorders: the DSM-5 approach. Nature Reviews Neurology, 10 (11), 634. https://doi.org/10.1038/nrneurol.2014.181. Van der Elst, W., Van Boxtel, M. P., Van Breukelen, G. J., & Jolles, J. (2006). The Stroop color-word test: influence of age, sex, and education; and normative data for a large sample across the adult age range. Assessment, 13 (1), 62–79. https://doi.org/10.1177/1073191105283427. Van Boxtel, M., Ten Tusscher, M., Metsemakers, J., Willems, B., & Jolles, J. (2001). Visual determinants of reduced performance on the Stroop color-word test in normal aging individuals. Journal of clinical and experimental neuropsychology, 23 (5), 620–627. https://doi.org/10.1076/jcen.23.5.620.1245. Troyer, A. K., Leach, L., & Strauss, E. (2006). Aging and response inhibition: Normative data for the Victoria Stroop Test. Aging, Neuropsychology, and Cognition, 13 (1), 20–35. Strouwen, C., Molenaar, E. A., Keus, S. H., Münks, L., Bloem, B. R., & Nieuwboer, A. (2016). Test-retest reliability of dual-task outcome measures in people with Parkinson disease. Physical Therapy, 96 (8), 1276–1286. https://doi.org/10.2522/ptj.20150244. Sommers, M. S., & Danielson, S. M. (1999). Inhibitory processes and spoken word recognition in young and older adults: The interaction of lexical competition and semantic context. Psychology and aging, 14 (3), 458. https://doi.org/10.1037//0882-7974.14.3.458. Sohlberg, M. K. M., & Mateer, C. A. (2017). Cognitive Rehabilitation: An Integrative Neuropsychological Approach. Guilford Publications. Snellen, H. (1873). Probebuchstaben zur bestimmung der sehschärfe. H. Peters. Harrington, K. D., Lim, Y. Y., Ames, D., Hassenstab, J., Rainey-Smith, S., Robertson, J., & Maruff, P. (2017). Using Robust Normative Data to Investigate the Neuropsychology of Cognitive Aging. Archives Clinical Neuropsychology, 32 (2), 142–154. https://doi.org/doi:10.1093/arclin/acw106. Shen, J., Sherman, M., & Souza, P. E. (2020). Test administration methods and cognitive test scores in older adults with hearing loss. Gerontology, 66 (1), 24–32. https://doi.org/10.1159/000500777. Houx, P. J., Jolles, J., & Vreeling, F. W. (1993). Stroop interference: aging effects assessed with the Stroop Color-Word Test. Experimental aging research, 19 (3), 209–224. https://doi.org/10.1080/03610739308253934. Golden, C. J. (1975). A group version of the Stroop Color and Word Test. Journal of personality assessment, 39 (4), 386–388. https://psycnet.apa.org/doi/10.1207/s15327752jpa3904_10. Hameleers, P. M., Van Boxtel, M. J., Hogervorst, E., Riedel, W., Houx, P., Buntinx, F., & Jolles, J. (2000). Habitual caffeine consumption and its relation to memory, attention, planning capacity and psychomotor performance across multiple age groups. Human Psychopharmacology: Clinical and Experimental, 15 (8), 573–581. https://doi.org/10.1002/hup.218. 14 International Journal of Psychological Research Universidad San Buenaventura - USB (Colombia) application/pdf application/pdf Journal article Núm. 2 , Año 2021 : Vol. 14 Núm. 2 (2021) 2 Normative Data https://revistas.usb.edu.co/index.php/IJPR/article/view/5118 Cognitive Hearing Sciences Auditory Stroop Test Keppler, Hannah Miatton, Marijke Degeest, Sofie Kestens, Katrien Objective: This study developed and gained insight in an auditory Stroop test, implementable in cognitive hearing sciences. Methods: An auditory Stroop test was developed and performed in 178 participants, aged between 18 and 69 years. This Auditory Stroop test consisted of two tests: Stroop-tones and Stroop-words whereby the pitch of pure-tones and spoken words (i.e., the words high and low) had to be identified by high or low, respectively. An interference score was calculated as a measure of verbal executive functioning. Regression models were conducted to examine the effect of age, sex, education, awakeness, hearing, as well as visual and verbal working memory, and processing speed on the auditory Stroop scores. Normative data were obtained per age decade. Results: Compared to the visual counterparts, the auditory Stroop outcomes were better predicted by verbal working memory and processing speed. A trend was observed showing a decrease in performances with increasing age. No other participant-related variables had a significant relationship with the auditory Stroop test. Conclusion: This auditory Stroop test was considered a good test for measuring executive functioning using auditory stimuli. Implementing this auditory Stroop test within cognitive hearing sciences will contribute to unravel the auditory-cognitive perspective of speech understanding. Grassi, M., & Borella, E. (2013). The role of auditory abilities in basic mechanisms of cognition in older adults. Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience, 5, Article 59. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnagi.2013.00059. Publication Baltes, P. B., & Lindenberger, U. (1997). Emergence of a powerful connection between sensory and cognitive functions across the adult life span: A new window to the study of cognitive aging? Psychological Aging, 12 (1), 12–21. https://doi.org/10.1037//0882-7974.12.1.12. Gilbert, S. J., & Burgess, P. W. (2008). Executive function. Current biology, 18 (3), R110–R114. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2007.12.014. Inglés http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0 This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License. Gallacher, J., Ilubaera, V., Ben-Shlomo, Y., Bayer, A., Fish, M., Babisch, W., & Elwood, P. (2012). Auditory threshold, phonologic demand, and incident dementia. Neurology, 79 (15), 1583–159. https://doi.org/10.1212/WNL.0b013e31826e263d. Fischer, M. E., Cruickshanks, K. J., Schubert, C. R., Pinto, A. A., Carlsson, C. M., Klein, B. E., & Tweed, T. S. (2016). Age-Related Sensory Impairments and Risk of Cognitive Impairment. J Am Geriatr Soc, 64 (10), 1981–1987. https://doi.org/10.1111/jgs.14308. Dryden, A., Allen, H. A., Henshaw, H., & Heinrich, A. (2017). The Association Between Cognitive Performance and Speech-in-Noise Perception for Adult Listeners: A Systematic Literature Review and Meta-Analysis. Trends Hear, 21, Article 23 31216517744675. https://doi.org/10.1177/2331216517744675. Deal, J. A., Betz, J., Yaffe, K., Harris, T., Purchase-Helzner, E., Satterfield, S., & Lin, F. R. (2017). Hearing Impairment and Incident Dementia and Cognitive Decline in Older Adults: The Health ABC Study. Journal of Gerontology A Biological Science Medical Science, 72 (5), 703–709. https://doi.org/10.1093/gerona/glw069. Danneels, M., Van Hecke, R., Leyssens, S., L.and Degeest, Cambier, D., van de Berg, R., & Maes, L. (2020). 2BALANCE: a cognitive-motor dual-task protocol for individuals with vestibular dysfunction. BMJ Open, 10 (7), Article e037138. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2020-037138. Ardila, A., Ostrosky-Solis, F., Rosselli, M., & Gómez, C. (2000). Age-related cognitive decline during normal aging: The complex effect of education. Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology, 15 (6), 495–513. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0887-6177(99)00040-2. Cohen, J., Cohen, P., West, S. G., & Aiken, L. S. (2013). Applied multiple regression/correlation analysis for the behavioral sciences. Routledge. Baroun, K., & Alansari, B. (2006). Gender differences in performance on the Stroop Test. Social Behavior and Personality: An International Journal, 34 (3), 309–318. https://doi.org/10.2224/sbp.2006.34.3.309. Brunetti, R., Del Gatto, C., & Delogu, F. (2014). eCorsi: implementation and testing of the Corsi blocktapping task for digital tablets. Frontiers in Psychology, 5, Article 939. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2014.00939. https://revistas.usb.edu.co/index.php/IJPR/article/download/5118/4375 10.21500/20112084.5118 https://revistas.usb.edu.co/index.php/IJPR/article/download/5118/4374 2011-7922 51 2021-10-27T20:47:37Z 2021-10-27T20:47:37Z 2021-10-27 37 https://doi.org/10.21500/20112084.5118 2011-2084 |
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International Journal of Psychological Research |
title |
Ciencias cognitivas de la audición: Desarrollo y datos normativos de la tarea auditiva del test Stroop |
spellingShingle |
Ciencias cognitivas de la audición: Desarrollo y datos normativos de la tarea auditiva del test Stroop Keppler, Hannah Miatton, Marijke Degeest, Sofie Kestens, Katrien Test Stroop auditivo ciencias auditivas cognitivas datos normativos Normative Data Cognitive Hearing Sciences Auditory Stroop Test |
title_short |
Ciencias cognitivas de la audición: Desarrollo y datos normativos de la tarea auditiva del test Stroop |
title_full |
Ciencias cognitivas de la audición: Desarrollo y datos normativos de la tarea auditiva del test Stroop |
title_fullStr |
Ciencias cognitivas de la audición: Desarrollo y datos normativos de la tarea auditiva del test Stroop |
title_full_unstemmed |
Ciencias cognitivas de la audición: Desarrollo y datos normativos de la tarea auditiva del test Stroop |
title_sort |
ciencias cognitivas de la audición: desarrollo y datos normativos de la tarea auditiva del test stroop |
description |
Objetivo: Este estudio desarrolló y alcanzó un claro entendimiento en una prueba auditiva de Stroop, implementable en las ciencias auditivas cognitivas. Métodos: Se desarrolló un test auditivo de Stroop y se aplicó en 178 participantes entre los 18 y los 69 años de edad. Este test auditivo de Stroop constaba dos pruebas, a saber: Stroop-tonos y Stroop-palabras. El tono de los tonos puros y de las palabras habladas (es decir, las palabras alto y bajo) tenían que ser identificadas por alto o bajo, respectivamente. Se calculó una puntuación de interferencia como medida del funcionamiento ejecutivo verbal. Se realizaron modelos de regresión para examinar el efecto de la edad, el sexo, la educación, la vigilia, la audición, así como la memoria de trabajo visual y verbal y la velocidad de procesamiento en todas las puntuaciones auditivas de Stroop. Se obtuvieron datos normativos por década. Resultados: Los resultados del Stroop auditivo podrían predecirse mejor por la memoria de trabajo verbal y la velocidad de procesamiento en comparación con las contrapartes visuales. Se observó una tendencia que mostraba una disminución de los resultados con el aumento de la edad. Ninguna otra variable relacionada con los participantes parecía tener una relación significativa con la prueba auditiva de Stroop. Conclusión: Este test auditivo de Stroop se consideró una buena prueba para medir el funcionamiento ejecutivo utilizando estímulos auditivos. La aplicación de esta prueba auditiva de Stroop dentro de las ciencias auditivas cognitivas contribuirá a desentrañar la perspectiva auditivo-cognitiva de la comprensión del habla.
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description_eng |
Objective: This study developed and gained insight in an auditory Stroop test, implementable in cognitive hearing sciences. Methods: An auditory Stroop test was developed and performed in 178 participants, aged between 18 and 69 years. This Auditory Stroop test consisted of two tests: Stroop-tones and Stroop-words whereby the pitch of pure-tones and spoken words (i.e., the words high and low) had to be identified by high or low, respectively. An interference score was calculated as a measure of verbal executive functioning. Regression models were conducted to examine the effect of age, sex, education, awakeness, hearing, as well as visual and verbal working memory, and processing speed on the auditory Stroop scores. Normative data were obtained per age decade. Results: Compared to the visual counterparts, the auditory Stroop outcomes were better predicted by verbal working memory and processing speed. A trend was observed showing a decrease in performances with increasing age. No other participant-related variables had a significant relationship with the auditory Stroop test. Conclusion: This auditory Stroop test was considered a good test for measuring executive functioning using auditory stimuli. Implementing this auditory Stroop test within cognitive hearing sciences will contribute to unravel the auditory-cognitive perspective of speech understanding.
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author |
Keppler, Hannah Miatton, Marijke Degeest, Sofie Kestens, Katrien |
author_facet |
Keppler, Hannah Miatton, Marijke Degeest, Sofie Kestens, Katrien |
topicspa_str_mv |
Test Stroop auditivo ciencias auditivas cognitivas datos normativos |
topic |
Test Stroop auditivo ciencias auditivas cognitivas datos normativos Normative Data Cognitive Hearing Sciences Auditory Stroop Test |
topic_facet |
Test Stroop auditivo ciencias auditivas cognitivas datos normativos Normative Data Cognitive Hearing Sciences Auditory Stroop Test |
citationvolume |
14 |
citationissue |
2 |
citationedition |
Núm. 2 , Año 2021 : Vol. 14 Núm. 2 (2021) |
publisher |
Universidad San Buenaventura - USB (Colombia) |
ispartofjournal |
International Journal of Psychological Research |
source |
https://revistas.usb.edu.co/index.php/IJPR/article/view/5118 |
language |
Inglés |
format |
Article |
rights |
http://purl.org/coar/access_right/c_abf2 info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0 This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License. |
references_eng |
Jensen, A. R., & Rohwer Jr, W. D. (1966). The Stroop color-word test: a review. Acta psychologica, 25, 36–93. https://doi.org/10.1016/0001-6918(66)90004-7. Menard, S. (2002). Applied logistic regression analysis (Vol. 106). Sage. Majeres, R. L. (1997). Sex differences in phonetic processing: Speed of identification of alphabetical sequences. Perceptual Motor Skills, 85 (3_suppl), 1243–1251. https://doi.org/10.2466/pms.1997.85.3f.1243. MacLeod, C. M. (1991). Half a century of research on the Stroop effect: an integrative review. Psychological bulletin, 109 (2), Article 163. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.109.2.163. Livingston, G., Sommerlad, A., Orgeta, V., Costafreda, S. G., Huntley, J., Ames, D., Ballard, C., Banerjee, S., Burns, A., Cohen-Mansfield, J., Cooper, C., Fox, N., Gitlin, L. N., Howard, R., Kales, H. C., Larson, E. B., Ritchie, K., Rockwood, K., Sampson, E. L., . . . Mukadam, N. (2017). Dementia prevention, intervention, and care. The Lancet, 390 (10113), 2673–2734. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(17)31363-6. Lezak, M. D., Howieson, D. B., Loring, D. W., & Fischer, J. S. (2004). Neuropsychological assessment. Oxford University Press. Lewin, C., Wolgers, G., & Herlitz, A. (2001). Sex differences favoring women in verbal but not in visuospatial episodic memory. Neuropsychology, 15 (2), 165. https://doi.org/10.1037/0894-4105.15.2.165. Laerd Statistics. (2015). Multiple regression using SPSS Statistics. Statistical tutorials and software guides. https://statistics.laerd.com/. Knight, S., & Heinrich, A. (2017). Different measures of auditory and visual Stroop interference and their relationship to speech intelligibility in noise. Front Psychol, 8, Article 230. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2017.00230. Kronholm, E., Sallinen, M., Suutama, T., Sulkava, R., Era, P., & Partonen, T. (2009). Selfreported sleep duration and cognitive functioning in the general population. Journal of sleep research, 18 (4), 436–446. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2869.2009.00765.x. Kemper, S., Schmalzried, R., Herman, R., Leedahl, S., & Mohankumar, D. (2009). The effects of aging and dual task demands on language production. Aging, Neuropsychology, and Cognition, 16 (3), 241–259. https://doi.org/10.1080/13825580802438868. Klein, M., Ponds, R. W., Houx, P. J., & Jolles, J. (1997). Effect of test duration on age-related differences in Stroop interference. Journal of clinical and experimental neuropsychology, 19 (1), 77–82. https://doi.org/10.1080/01688639708403838. Nasreddine, Z. S., Phillips, N. A., Bédirian, V., Charbonneau, S., Whitehead, V., Collin, I., & Chertkow, H. (2005). The Montreal Cognitive Assessment, MoCA: a brief screening tool for mild cognitive impairment. Journal of American Geriatric Society, 53 (4), 695–699. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1532-5415.2005.53221.x. Janse, E. (2012). A non-auditory measure of interference predicts distraction by competing speech in older adults. Aging, Neuropsychology, and Cognition, 19 (6), 741–758. https://doi.org/10.1080/13825585.2011.652590. Kiessling, J., Pichora-Fuller, M. K., Gatehouse, S., Stephens, D., Arlinger, S., Chisolm, T., Davis, A. C., Erber, N. P., Hickson, L., Holmes, A., Rosenhall, U., & von Wedel, H. (2003). Candidature for and delivery of audiological services: Special needs of older people. International Journal of Audiology, 42, 92–101. https://doi.org/10.3109/14992020309074650. Kestens, K., Degeest, S., Miatton, M., & Keppler, H. (2021). Visual and Verbal working memory and processing speed across the adult lifespan: the effect of age, sex, educational level, awakeness, and hearing sensitivity. Frontiers in Psychology, 12 (668828). https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.668828. Kestens, K., Degeest, S., & Keppler, H. (2021). 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