Tourısm gentrıfıcatıon: Barcelona and Venıce
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Con la continuación del impulso de crecimiento de la movilidad turística internacional, y los efectos negativos del turismo en destinos importantes, los gobiernos locales, las organizaciones internacionales de turismo y la comunidad académica centraron su atención en lo que se debería hacer para eliminar estos efectos negativos. Otro tema importante por considerar es la gentrificación del turismo. Esta situación indica que la dinámica básica de los asentamientos y la población local se ha visto sacudida. Este estudio tuvo como objetivo evaluar las razones y los efectos de la gentrificación turística en Barcelona y Venecia, que atraen una demanda turística excesiva y con frecuencia llegan a la agenda con movimientos urbanos o sociales contra... Ver más
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Koray Genç, Oğuz Türkay, Şevki Ulema - 2022
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Tourısm gentrıfıcatıon: Barcelona and Venıce Tourısm gentrıfıcatıon: Barcelona and Venıce Con la continuación del impulso de crecimiento de la movilidad turística internacional, y los efectos negativos del turismo en destinos importantes, los gobiernos locales, las organizaciones internacionales de turismo y la comunidad académica centraron su atención en lo que se debería hacer para eliminar estos efectos negativos. Otro tema importante por considerar es la gentrificación del turismo. Esta situación indica que la dinámica básica de los asentamientos y la población local se ha visto sacudida. Este estudio tuvo como objetivo evaluar las razones y los efectos de la gentrificación turística en Barcelona y Venecia, que atraen una demanda turística excesiva y con frecuencia llegan a la agenda con movimientos urbanos o sociales contra el turismo. Se han utilizado fuentes de datos secundarias para este propósito. En última instancia, se subrayó que la gentrificación del turismo debe ser considerada por los tomadores de decisiones como un proceso que desencadena muchos efectos negativos, ejerce presión de desplazamiento sobre la población local y provoca cambios sociales radicales. With the continuation of the growth momentum of international tourism mobility and negative effects on important destinations, local administrations, international tourism organizations and academic community have directed their attention to what should be done to eliminate the negative effects. An important issue that needs to be considered is tourism gentrification, which is an indication that the basic dynamics of settlements and residents have been shaken. In this study, we aim to evaluate the reasons and effects of tourism gentrification in Barcelona and Venice, which attract overtourism demand and frequently come to the agenda with urban social movements against tourism. Secondary data sources have been used for this purpose. Ultimately, it was underlined that tourism gentrification should be taken into consideration by decision-makers as a process that triggers many negativities, exerting displacement pressure on the local population and causing radical social changes. Genç, Koray Türkay, Oğuz Ulema, Şevki Tourism gentrification; overtourism; displacement; Barcelona, Venice turismo; gentrificación; sobreturismo; desplazamiento forzado; Barcelona, Venecia 31 , Año 2022 : Julio-Diciembre Artículo de revista Journal article 2022-06-29T09:58:10Z 2022-06-29T09:58:10Z 2022-06-29 application/pdf text/html text/xml Facultad de Administración de Empresas Turísticas y Hoteleras Turismo y Sociedad 0120-7555 2346-206X https://revistas.uexternado.edu.co/index.php/tursoc/article/view/7946 10.18601/01207555.n31.06 https://doi.org/10.18601/01207555.n31.06 spa http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0 Koray Genç, Oğuz Türkay, Şevki Ulema - 2022 Esta obra está bajo una licencia internacional Creative Commons Atribución-NoComercial-CompartirIgual 4.0. 125 140 Altanlar, A., Kavak, İ., & Güremen, L. (2018). Tarihi mahallelerdeki turizm odaklı müdahalelerin mahalle sakinleri üzerindeki etkisi; Amasya, Sofular Mahallesi. Uluslararası Türk Dünyası Turizm Araştırmaları Dergisi, 3(1), 85-104. Bahçeci, H. I. (2017). Neoliberalizmin kentsel mekândaki tezahürü olarak kentsel dönüşüm. Journal of International Management, Educational and Economics Perspectives, 5(1), 36-47. Bertocchi, D., & Visentin, F. (2019). “The overwhelmed city”: physical and social over-capacities of global tourism in Venice. Sustainability, 11. Bremner, C. (2018). Barcelona and Spain and their battle with over-tourism. Euromonitor International. https://blog.euromonitor.com/barcelona-overtourism/ Brenner, N., Marcuse, P., & Mayer, M. (2014). Kâr için değil halk için eleştirel kent teorisi ve kent hakkı (Transl. A. Y. Şen). Sel Yayıncılık. Brunton, J. (2018). Venice poised to segregate tourists as city braces ıtself for may day ‘invasion’. The Guardian. https://www.theguardian.com/travel/2018/may/01/venice-to-segregate-tourists-nmay- day-overcrowding Butler, R.W. (1980). The concept of a tourist area cycle of evolution: ımplications for management of resources. Canadian Geographer, 24(1). Coldwell, W. (2017). First Venice and Barcelona: Now anti-tourism marches spread across Europe. The Guardian. https://www.theguardian.com/travel/2017/aug/10/anti-tourism-marches-spread-cross- europe-venice-barcelona Corderoy, J. (2017). Spain’s anti-tourist movement is reaching boiling point. News. https://www.news.com.au/travel/world-travel/europe/spains-antitourist-movement-is-reaching-boiling-point/news-story/185b003fb1b355f923fec21c31a2b75a Değirmenci, K. (2011). Kentsel mekânda “yerin” ya da otantik olanın yeniden inşası. In E. Eğribel and U. Özcan (Eds.), Değişim Sosyolojisi: Dünya’da ve Türkiye’de Toplumsal Geğişme (pp. 277-291). Kitabevi Yayınları. Diaz, A. L. (2017). Why Barcelona locals really hate tourists. Independent. https://www.independent.co.uk/travel/news-and-advice/barcelona-locals-hate-tourists-why-reasons-spain-protests-arran-airbnb-locals-attacks-graffiti a7883021.html Doxey, G. V. (1975). A causation theory of visitor-resident irritans: methodology and research inferences. Travel and Tourism Research Asossiation Sixth Annual Conferance Proceedings, 195-198 Esen, O. (2009). Turizm. In. P. Derviş, B. Tanju & U. Tanyeli (Eds.), İstanbullaşmak olgular, sorunsallar, metaforlar (pp. 305-311). Garanti Galeri. Euronews. (2017). Barselona’da İngiliz turistleri taşıyan tur otobüsüne saldırı. Euronews. https://tr.euronews.com/2017/08/04/barselonada-ingiliz-turistleri-tasiyan-bir-tur-otobusune-saldirildi Express (2018). Stop tourısm! Masked activists chain themselves to gaudi dragon as Barcelona rages. Express. https://www.express.co.uk/news/world/976416/Spain-tourist-protests-news-arcelonaguell- park-gaudi-dragon Frank-Keyes, J. (2018). Is mass tourism destroying the beauty of Venice? City Metric. https://www.citymetric.com/business/mass-tourism-destroying-beauty-venice-over-tourism-4212 Gant, A. C. (27-29 August 2015). Tourism and Commercial Gentrification. International Conference on “The Ideal City: between myth and reality”. Urbino, Italy. Gant, A. C. (2016). Holiday rentals: The new gentrification battlefront. Sociological Research Online, 21(3). Giuffrida, A. (2017). ‘Imagine living with this crap’: Tempers in Venice boil over in tourist high season. The Guardian. https://www.theguardian.com/world/2017/jul/23/venice-tempers-boil-overtourist-high-season Giulio, M. R. (2019). “Se Venezia muore”: is the restricted ccess a feasible solution for excess tourism? In D. Fiorani, G. Franco, L. Kealy, S. F. Musso, & M. A. Calvo-Salve (Comps.), Conservation/Consumption: Preserving the Tangible and Intangible Values (pp. 185-192). EAAE . Gotham, K. F. (2005). Tourism gentrification: The case of New Orleans’ Vieux Carre (french quarter). Urban Studies, 42(7), 1099-1121. Hughes, N. (2018). ‘Tourists go home’: anti-tourism ındustry protest in Barcelona. Social Movement Studies, 17(4), 471-477. Hürriyet (2017). Barselona halkından turistlere “artık gelmeyin!” çağrısı. Hürriyet. http://www.hurriyet.com.tr/seyahat/barselona-halkindan-turistlere-artik-gelmeyin-cagrisi-40451857 Javierre-Kohan, M. (2013). Tourist Walk. The Private Space. Judd, D. R. (1999). Constructing the tourist bubble. In D. R. Judd, & S. S. Fainstein (Eds.), The Tourist City (pp. 35-54). Yale University Press. Karar (2017). Barselona’da turizme karşı insan zinciri. Karar. http://www.karar.com/dunya-haberleri/barselonada-turizme-karsi-insan-zinciri-569648# Kaygalak, S. (2008). Kapitalizmin Taşrası 16. Yüzyıldan 19. Yüzyıla Bursa’da Toplumsal Süreçler ve Mekânsal Değişim. İletişim Yayınları. Llop, N. L. (2017). A policy approach to the impact of tourist dwellings in condominiums and neighbourhoods in Barcelona. Urban Research & Practice, 10(1), 120-129. Mansilla, J. A. & Milano, C. (2019). Becoming centre: Tourism placemaking and space production in two neighborhoods in Barcelona. Tourism Geographies. Marcuse, P. (1985). Gentrification, abandonment, and displacement: connections, causes, and policy responses in New York city. Urban Law Annual; Journal of Urban and Contemporary Law, 28, 195-240. Marcuse, P. (2015). Terk etme, mutenalaştırma ve yerinden etme: New York Cıty’deki Mekanizmalar. In N. Smith, & P. Williams (Eds.). Kentin Mutenalaştırılması (Transl. M. Uzun). Yordam Kitap. Melwani, D. (2016). #Venexodus fight to limit tourists to Venice. Travel Weekly. http://www.travelweekly.com.au/article/venexodus-fight-to-limit-tourists-to-venice/ Minoia, P. (2017). Venice reshaped? Tourist gentrification and sense of place. In N. Bellini & C. Pasquinelli (Eds.), Tourism in the City (pp. 261-274). Springer. Nst (2016). Only 55,000 residents left in Venice following “venexodus”. Nst. https://www.nst.com.my/news/2016/11/188164/only-55000-residents-left-venice-following-venexodus O’Sullivan, F. (2017). Venice fights back. Citylab. https://www.citylab.com/solutions/2017/02/venice-fights-back/516270/ O’Sullivan, F. (2018). Venice erects gates against a flood of tourists. Citylab. https://www.citylab.com/life/2018/05/venice-erects-gates-against-a-flood-of-tourists/559367/ Observatori del Turisme a Barcelona (2017). 2017 Informe de l’activitat Turística a Barcelona. Observatori del Turisme a Barcelona Peter, L. (2017). ‘Turistler evinize dönün’: İspanya’da solcular turist akınına karşı direniyor. BBC News Türkçe. https://www.bbc.com/turkce/haberler-dunya-40839361 Petkar, S. (2017). Spain’s anti-tourism riots step up as violent clans merge to target tourists in Barcelona. Express. https://www.express.co.uk/news/world/837142/barcelona-spain-tourists-violencecatalonia-independence Posta (2014). Barcelona’da ‘edepsiz turist’ isyanı! Posta. https://www.posta.com.tr/barcelonadaedepsiz-turist-isyani-242047 Sanchez, P. M., & Adams, K. M. (2008) The Janus-faced character of tourism in Cuba. Annals of Tourism Research, 35(1), 27-46. Sans, A. A., & Dominguez, A. Q. (2016). Unravelling airbnb: Urban perspectives from Barcelona. In A. P. Russo, & G. Richards (Eds.), Reinventing the Local in Tourism (pp. 209-228). Channel View Publications. Settis, S. (2014). Se Venezia muore. In S. Salvatore (Ed.), Se Venezia Muore (pp. 273-290). Viella. Séraphin, H., Sheeran, P., & Pilato, M. (2018). Over-tourism and the fall of Venice as a destination. Journal of Destination Marketing & Management, 9, 374-376. Séraphin, H., Gowreesunkar, V., Zaman, M., & Lorey, T. (2019). Limitations of trexit (tourism exit) as a solution to overtourism. Worldwide Hospitality and Tourism Themes, 11(5), 566-581. Smith, N. (2002). New globalism, new urbanism; gentrification as global urban strategy. Antipode, 34(3), 427-450. Smith, O. (2018). Anti-tourist protests erupt: Chaos on streets of Venice as locals tear down barriers. Express. https://www.express.co.uk/news/world/952796/Tourism-tourists-Venice-travelsegegration-checkpoints-protest Tourism Today (2017). Barselona’da turist istemiyoruz eylemleri yeniden başladı. Tourism Today. http://www.tourismtoday.net/barcelonada-turist-istemiyoruz-eylemleri-yeniden-basladi-48907h.htm Venezia Autentica (2017). The current state of tourism is hurting Venice. Venezia Autentica. https://veneziaautentica.com/impact-tourism-venice/ Visentin, F., & Bertocchi, D. (2019). Venice: An analysis of tourism excesses in an overtourism icon. In C. Milano, J. M. Cheer, & M. Novelli (Eds.), Overtourism: Excesses, Discontents and Measures in Travel and Tourism (pp. 18-38). CABI . https://revistas.uexternado.edu.co/index.php/tursoc/article/download/7946/14852 https://revistas.uexternado.edu.co/index.php/tursoc/article/download/7946/14853 https://revistas.uexternado.edu.co/index.php/tursoc/article/download/7946/14854 info:eu-repo/semantics/article http://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_6501 info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion http://purl.org/coar/version/c_970fb48d4fbd8a85 info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess http://purl.org/coar/access_right/c_abf2 Text Publication |
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UNIVERSIDAD EXTERNADO DE COLOMBIA |
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https://nuevo.metarevistas.org/UNIVERSIDADEXTERNADODECOLOMBIA/logo.png |
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Colombia |
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Turismo y Sociedad |
title |
Tourısm gentrıfıcatıon: Barcelona and Venıce |
spellingShingle |
Tourısm gentrıfıcatıon: Barcelona and Venıce Genç, Koray Türkay, Oğuz Ulema, Şevki Tourism gentrification; overtourism; displacement; Barcelona, Venice turismo; gentrificación; sobreturismo; desplazamiento forzado; Barcelona, Venecia |
title_short |
Tourısm gentrıfıcatıon: Barcelona and Venıce |
title_full |
Tourısm gentrıfıcatıon: Barcelona and Venıce |
title_fullStr |
Tourısm gentrıfıcatıon: Barcelona and Venıce |
title_full_unstemmed |
Tourısm gentrıfıcatıon: Barcelona and Venıce |
title_sort |
tourısm gentrıfıcatıon: barcelona and venıce |
title_eng |
Tourısm gentrıfıcatıon: Barcelona and Venıce |
description |
Con la continuación del impulso de crecimiento de la movilidad turística internacional, y los efectos negativos del turismo en destinos importantes, los gobiernos locales, las organizaciones internacionales de turismo y la comunidad académica centraron su atención en lo que se debería hacer para eliminar estos efectos negativos. Otro tema importante por considerar es la gentrificación del turismo. Esta situación indica que la dinámica básica de los asentamientos y la población local se ha visto sacudida. Este estudio tuvo como objetivo evaluar las razones y los efectos de la gentrificación turística en Barcelona y Venecia, que atraen una demanda turística excesiva y con frecuencia llegan a la agenda con movimientos urbanos o sociales contra el turismo. Se han utilizado fuentes de datos secundarias para este propósito. En última instancia, se subrayó que la gentrificación del turismo debe ser considerada por los tomadores de decisiones como un proceso que desencadena muchos efectos negativos, ejerce presión de desplazamiento sobre la población local y provoca cambios sociales radicales.
|
description_eng |
With the continuation of the growth momentum of international tourism mobility and negative effects on important destinations, local administrations, international tourism organizations and academic community have directed their attention to what should be done to eliminate the negative effects. An important issue that needs to be considered is tourism gentrification, which is an indication that the basic dynamics of settlements and residents have been shaken. In this study, we aim to evaluate the reasons and effects of tourism gentrification in Barcelona and Venice, which attract overtourism demand and frequently come to the agenda with urban social movements against tourism. Secondary data sources have been used for this purpose. Ultimately, it was underlined that tourism gentrification should be taken into consideration by decision-makers as a process that triggers many negativities, exerting displacement pressure on the local population and causing radical social changes.
|
author |
Genç, Koray Türkay, Oğuz Ulema, Şevki |
author_facet |
Genç, Koray Türkay, Oğuz Ulema, Şevki |
topic |
Tourism gentrification; overtourism; displacement; Barcelona, Venice turismo; gentrificación; sobreturismo; desplazamiento forzado; Barcelona, Venecia |
topic_facet |
Tourism gentrification; overtourism; displacement; Barcelona, Venice turismo; gentrificación; sobreturismo; desplazamiento forzado; Barcelona, Venecia |
topicspa_str_mv |
turismo; gentrificación; sobreturismo; desplazamiento forzado; Barcelona, Venecia |
citationvolume |
31 |
citationedition |
, Año 2022 : Julio-Diciembre |
publisher |
Facultad de Administración de Empresas Turísticas y Hoteleras |
ispartofjournal |
Turismo y Sociedad |
source |
https://revistas.uexternado.edu.co/index.php/tursoc/article/view/7946 |
language |
spa |
format |
Article |
rights |
http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0 Koray Genç, Oğuz Türkay, Şevki Ulema - 2022 Esta obra está bajo una licencia internacional Creative Commons Atribución-NoComercial-CompartirIgual 4.0. info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess http://purl.org/coar/access_right/c_abf2 |
references |
Altanlar, A., Kavak, İ., & Güremen, L. (2018). Tarihi mahallelerdeki turizm odaklı müdahalelerin mahalle sakinleri üzerindeki etkisi; Amasya, Sofular Mahallesi. Uluslararası Türk Dünyası Turizm Araştırmaları Dergisi, 3(1), 85-104. Bahçeci, H. I. (2017). Neoliberalizmin kentsel mekândaki tezahürü olarak kentsel dönüşüm. Journal of International Management, Educational and Economics Perspectives, 5(1), 36-47. Bertocchi, D., & Visentin, F. (2019). “The overwhelmed city”: physical and social over-capacities of global tourism in Venice. Sustainability, 11. Bremner, C. (2018). Barcelona and Spain and their battle with over-tourism. Euromonitor International. https://blog.euromonitor.com/barcelona-overtourism/ Brenner, N., Marcuse, P., & Mayer, M. (2014). Kâr için değil halk için eleştirel kent teorisi ve kent hakkı (Transl. A. Y. Şen). Sel Yayıncılık. Brunton, J. (2018). Venice poised to segregate tourists as city braces ıtself for may day ‘invasion’. The Guardian. https://www.theguardian.com/travel/2018/may/01/venice-to-segregate-tourists-nmay- day-overcrowding Butler, R.W. (1980). The concept of a tourist area cycle of evolution: ımplications for management of resources. Canadian Geographer, 24(1). Coldwell, W. (2017). First Venice and Barcelona: Now anti-tourism marches spread across Europe. The Guardian. https://www.theguardian.com/travel/2017/aug/10/anti-tourism-marches-spread-cross- europe-venice-barcelona Corderoy, J. (2017). Spain’s anti-tourist movement is reaching boiling point. News. https://www.news.com.au/travel/world-travel/europe/spains-antitourist-movement-is-reaching-boiling-point/news-story/185b003fb1b355f923fec21c31a2b75a Değirmenci, K. (2011). Kentsel mekânda “yerin” ya da otantik olanın yeniden inşası. In E. Eğribel and U. Özcan (Eds.), Değişim Sosyolojisi: Dünya’da ve Türkiye’de Toplumsal Geğişme (pp. 277-291). Kitabevi Yayınları. Diaz, A. L. (2017). Why Barcelona locals really hate tourists. Independent. https://www.independent.co.uk/travel/news-and-advice/barcelona-locals-hate-tourists-why-reasons-spain-protests-arran-airbnb-locals-attacks-graffiti a7883021.html Doxey, G. V. (1975). A causation theory of visitor-resident irritans: methodology and research inferences. Travel and Tourism Research Asossiation Sixth Annual Conferance Proceedings, 195-198 Esen, O. (2009). Turizm. In. P. Derviş, B. Tanju & U. Tanyeli (Eds.), İstanbullaşmak olgular, sorunsallar, metaforlar (pp. 305-311). Garanti Galeri. Euronews. (2017). Barselona’da İngiliz turistleri taşıyan tur otobüsüne saldırı. Euronews. https://tr.euronews.com/2017/08/04/barselonada-ingiliz-turistleri-tasiyan-bir-tur-otobusune-saldirildi Express (2018). Stop tourısm! Masked activists chain themselves to gaudi dragon as Barcelona rages. Express. https://www.express.co.uk/news/world/976416/Spain-tourist-protests-news-arcelonaguell- park-gaudi-dragon Frank-Keyes, J. (2018). Is mass tourism destroying the beauty of Venice? City Metric. https://www.citymetric.com/business/mass-tourism-destroying-beauty-venice-over-tourism-4212 Gant, A. C. (27-29 August 2015). Tourism and Commercial Gentrification. International Conference on “The Ideal City: between myth and reality”. Urbino, Italy. Gant, A. C. (2016). Holiday rentals: The new gentrification battlefront. Sociological Research Online, 21(3). Giuffrida, A. (2017). ‘Imagine living with this crap’: Tempers in Venice boil over in tourist high season. The Guardian. https://www.theguardian.com/world/2017/jul/23/venice-tempers-boil-overtourist-high-season Giulio, M. R. (2019). “Se Venezia muore”: is the restricted ccess a feasible solution for excess tourism? In D. Fiorani, G. Franco, L. Kealy, S. F. Musso, & M. A. Calvo-Salve (Comps.), Conservation/Consumption: Preserving the Tangible and Intangible Values (pp. 185-192). EAAE . Gotham, K. F. (2005). Tourism gentrification: The case of New Orleans’ Vieux Carre (french quarter). Urban Studies, 42(7), 1099-1121. Hughes, N. (2018). ‘Tourists go home’: anti-tourism ındustry protest in Barcelona. Social Movement Studies, 17(4), 471-477. Hürriyet (2017). Barselona halkından turistlere “artık gelmeyin!” çağrısı. Hürriyet. http://www.hurriyet.com.tr/seyahat/barselona-halkindan-turistlere-artik-gelmeyin-cagrisi-40451857 Javierre-Kohan, M. (2013). Tourist Walk. The Private Space. Judd, D. R. (1999). Constructing the tourist bubble. In D. R. Judd, & S. S. Fainstein (Eds.), The Tourist City (pp. 35-54). Yale University Press. Karar (2017). Barselona’da turizme karşı insan zinciri. Karar. http://www.karar.com/dunya-haberleri/barselonada-turizme-karsi-insan-zinciri-569648# Kaygalak, S. (2008). Kapitalizmin Taşrası 16. Yüzyıldan 19. Yüzyıla Bursa’da Toplumsal Süreçler ve Mekânsal Değişim. İletişim Yayınları. Llop, N. L. (2017). A policy approach to the impact of tourist dwellings in condominiums and neighbourhoods in Barcelona. Urban Research & Practice, 10(1), 120-129. Mansilla, J. A. & Milano, C. (2019). Becoming centre: Tourism placemaking and space production in two neighborhoods in Barcelona. Tourism Geographies. Marcuse, P. (1985). Gentrification, abandonment, and displacement: connections, causes, and policy responses in New York city. Urban Law Annual; Journal of Urban and Contemporary Law, 28, 195-240. Marcuse, P. (2015). Terk etme, mutenalaştırma ve yerinden etme: New York Cıty’deki Mekanizmalar. In N. Smith, & P. Williams (Eds.). Kentin Mutenalaştırılması (Transl. M. Uzun). Yordam Kitap. Melwani, D. (2016). #Venexodus fight to limit tourists to Venice. Travel Weekly. http://www.travelweekly.com.au/article/venexodus-fight-to-limit-tourists-to-venice/ Minoia, P. (2017). Venice reshaped? Tourist gentrification and sense of place. In N. Bellini & C. Pasquinelli (Eds.), Tourism in the City (pp. 261-274). Springer. Nst (2016). Only 55,000 residents left in Venice following “venexodus”. Nst. https://www.nst.com.my/news/2016/11/188164/only-55000-residents-left-venice-following-venexodus O’Sullivan, F. (2017). Venice fights back. Citylab. https://www.citylab.com/solutions/2017/02/venice-fights-back/516270/ O’Sullivan, F. (2018). Venice erects gates against a flood of tourists. Citylab. https://www.citylab.com/life/2018/05/venice-erects-gates-against-a-flood-of-tourists/559367/ Observatori del Turisme a Barcelona (2017). 2017 Informe de l’activitat Turística a Barcelona. Observatori del Turisme a Barcelona Peter, L. (2017). ‘Turistler evinize dönün’: İspanya’da solcular turist akınına karşı direniyor. BBC News Türkçe. https://www.bbc.com/turkce/haberler-dunya-40839361 Petkar, S. (2017). Spain’s anti-tourism riots step up as violent clans merge to target tourists in Barcelona. Express. https://www.express.co.uk/news/world/837142/barcelona-spain-tourists-violencecatalonia-independence Posta (2014). Barcelona’da ‘edepsiz turist’ isyanı! 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