A multicriteria decision aid for evaluating the competitiveness of tourist destinations in the Northwest of Mexico
Titulo:

A multicriteria decision aid for evaluating the competitiveness of tourist destinations in the Northwest of Mexico
.

Sumario:

This work deals with the problem of comparing the competitiveness of tourist destinations as a multicriteria ranking problem. Comparing tourist destinations is a complex problema because they present wide heterogeneity between them. The Crounch-Ritchie model is used as the main approach for analyzing tourist the competitiveness of tourist destinations. Thereby, we structure the problem as a multicriteria ranking problem for comparing and ranking the destinations with highest competitiveness as the preference direction. For this project, we use the main tourist destinations in the Northwest of Mexico as case study. The ranking of tourist destination is based in their competitiveness, however with the multicriteria analysis proposed, it is po... Ver más

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Turismo y Sociedad

0120-7555

2346-206X

León Santiesteban, Martín

Leyva López, Juan Carlos

UNIVERSIDAD EXTERNADO DE COLOMBIA

10.18601/01207555.n21.03

21

2017-12-06

51

67

Colombia

MCDA

ELECTRE

destinations competitiveness

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id metarevistapublica_uexternado_turismoysociedad_44_article_5173
record_format ojs
spelling A multicriteria decision aid for evaluating the competitiveness of tourist destinations in the Northwest of Mexico
A multicriteria decision aid for evaluating the competitiveness of tourist destinations in the Northwest of Mexico
This work deals with the problem of comparing the competitiveness of tourist destinations as a multicriteria ranking problem. Comparing tourist destinations is a complex problema because they present wide heterogeneity between them. The Crounch-Ritchie model is used as the main approach for analyzing tourist the competitiveness of tourist destinations. Thereby, we structure the problem as a multicriteria ranking problem for comparing and ranking the destinations with highest competitiveness as the preference direction. For this project, we use the main tourist destinations in the Northwest of Mexico as case study. The ranking of tourist destination is based in their competitiveness, however with the multicriteria analysis proposed, it is possible to use any particular group of the attributes to choose a coherent family of criteria. This process is performed in two steps, the first one uses the ELECTRE III method to construct a valued outranking relation and the second one, a multi-objective evolutionary algorithm for exploiting those relations, and generate the ranking of destinations. 
León Santiesteban, Martín
Leyva López, Juan Carlos
MCDA
ELECTRE
destinations competitiveness
21
, Año 2017 : Julio-Diciembre
Artículo de revista
Journal article
2017-12-06T15:37:31Z
2017-12-06T15:37:31Z
2017-12-06
application/pdf
text/html
application/xml
Facultad de Administración de Empresas Turísticas y Hoteleras
Turismo y Sociedad
0120-7555
2346-206X
https://revistas.uexternado.edu.co/index.php/tursoc/article/view/5173
10.18601/01207555.n21.03
https://doi.org/10.18601/01207555.n21.03
spa
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/
51
67
Belton, V. & Hodgkin, J. (1999). Facilitators, decision makers, D. I. Y. users: Is intelligent multicriteria decision support for all feasible or desirable? European Journal of Operational Research, 113, 247-260. DOI: 10.1016/S0377-2217(98)90214-4
Benzaquen, J., Del Carpio, L. A., Zegarra, L. A., & Valdivia, C. A. (2010). Un índice regional de competitividad para un país. Revista cepal, 102, 69-86.
Briggs, T., Kunsch, P., & Mareschal, B. (1990). Nuclear waste management: An application of the multicriteria promethee methods. European Journal of Operational Research, 44(1), 1-10. doi: 10.1016/0377-2217(90)90308-X
Chen, J. S. (Ed.). (2008). Advances in hospitality leisure (Vol. 4). uk: Emerald Group Publishing Limited.
Crouch, G. I. (2010). Destination competitiveness: An analysis of determinant attributes. Journal of Travel Research, 50(1), 27-45. doi: 10.1177/0047287510362776
Crouch, G. I. & Ritchie, J. R. B. (1995). Destination competitiveness and the role of the tourism enterprise. In International Management Development
Association (imda) (Ed.), Proceedings of the Fourth Annual World Business Congress (pp. 43-48). Estambul: imda.
Crouch, G. I. & Ritchie, J. R. B. (1999). Tourism, competitiveness and social prosperity. Journal of Business Research, 44, 137-152. doi: 10.1016/S0148-2963(97)00196-3
Díez Santo, D. (2012). La competitividad turística en espacios interiores: una propuesta metodológica para la determinación de competidores potenciales. Cuadernos de Turismo, 30, 109-125.
Duque Brito, A. (2005). Turismo y competitividad en Venezuela: una aproximación a la situación actual venezolana. Visión Gerencial, 4(2), 133-150.
Dwyer, L. & Kim, C. (2003). Destination competitiveness: Determinants and indicators. Current Issues in Tourism, 6(5), 369-414. doi: 10.1080/13683500308667962
Dwyer, L., Mellor, R., Livaic, Z., Edwards, D., & Kim, C. (2004). Attributes of destination competitiveness: A factor analysis. Tourism Analysis, 9(1-2), 91-101. doi: 10.3727/1083542041437558
Figueira, J., Greco, S., Roy, B., & Slowinski, R. (2010). electre methods: Main features and recent developments. In C. Zopounidis & P. Pardalos (Eds.), Handbook of multicriteria analysis (pp. 51-89). Berlin: Springer-Verlag.
Gándara, J. M., Chim-Miki, A. F., Domareski Ruiz, T. C., & Biz, A. A. (2013). La competitividad turística de Foz do Iguaçu según los determinantes del “Integrative Model” de Dwyer & Kim: analizando la estrategia de construcción del futuro. Cuadernos de Turismo, 31, 105-128.
Gastélum Chavira, D. A., Solano Noriega, J. J., & Leyva López, J. C. (2014). Ordenamiento multicriterio de clientes de una empresa parafinanciera a través de un enfoque evolutivo multiobjetivo. In M. León Santiesteban, M. R. Contreras Loera, & J. C. Leyva López (Coords.), Economía sinaloense, estrategias de desarrollo. México d. f.: Ed. Del Lirio.
Goicoechea, A., Hansen, D., & Duckstein, L. (1982). Multi-objective decision analysis with engineering and business applications. New York: J. Wiley.
Gomezelj Omerzel, D. (2006). Competitiveness of Slovenia as a tourist destination. Managing Global Transitions, 4(2), 167-189.
Gutiérrez-Fernández, F., Cloquell, V. A., & Cloquell, V. (2012). Propuesta de un sistema de indicadores de sostenibilidad para áreas naturales con uso turístico, validado mediante consulta a terceros. Turismo y Sociedad, xiii, 55-83.
Krugman, P. (1994). Competitiveness: A dangerous obsession. Foreign Affairs, 73(2), 28-44. doi: 10.2307/20045917
Labarca, N. (2008). Competitividad en el sector metalmecánico del estado Zulia. Formación Gerencial, 7(1), 51-69.
Leyva, J. C. (2005). Multicriteria decision aid application to a student selection problem. Pesquisa Operacional, 25(1), 45-68. doi: 10.1590/S0101-74382005000100004
Leyva, J. C. & Álvarez, P. (2013). sadgage: A mcgdss to solve the multicriteria ranking problema in a distributed and asynchronous environment. In J. C.
Leyva López, R. Espín Andrade, R. Bello Pérez, & P. A. Álvarez Carrillo (Eds.), Studies on knowledge discovery, knowledge management and decision making. Fourth International Workshop Proceedings, Eureka-2013 (pp. 247-254). Paris: Atlantis Press.
Leyva López, J. C., Gastélum, D. A., & Urías, M. (2013). An application of multicriteria approach to compare economic sectors: The case of Sinaloa, Mexico. In R. C. Purshouse, P. J. Fleming, C. M.
Fonseca, S. Greco, & J. Shaw (Eds.), Evolutionary multi-criterion optimization (7th International Conference, emo 2013, Sheffield, uk, March 19-22, 2013. Proceedings) (pp. 710-725). New York: Springer.
Leyva López, J. C., Solano Noriega, J. J., Gastélum Chavira, D. A., & Sánchez Castañeda, M. D, (2013). A multi-objective evolutionary approach to a medium- sized multicriteria ranking problem. eureka-13. Atlantis Press. doi:10.2991/.2013.23
Leyva J. C., Gastélum, D., & Solano, J. (December 9-12, 2014). A multi-objective genetic algorithm based on nsga ii for deriving final ranking from a medium-sized fuzzy outranking relation. In 2014 ieee Symposium on Computational Intelligence in Multi-Criteria Decision-Making (mcdm), Orlando, fl, u. s. a. doi: 10.1109/mcdm.2014.7007184
Leyva, J. C. & Aguilera, M. A. (2015). A multiobjective evolutionary algorithm for deriving final ranking from a fuzzy outranking relation. In C. Coello, E. Zitzler, & A. Hernández (Eds.), Evolutionary multi-criterion optimization. Third International Conference emo 2005 Proceedings (pp. 235-249). Berlin: Springer.
Marakas, G.M. (1998). Decision Support Systems in the 21st Century. New Jersey: Prentice Hall.
Mazanec, J., Wober, K., & Zins, A. (2007). Tourism destination competitiveness: From definition to explanation? Journal of Travel Research, 46(1), 86-95. doi: 10.1177/0047287507302389
National Institute of Statistics, Geography and Informatics (inegi). (2012). Statistical yearbook of the state of Sinaloa. México: inegi.
Pardalos, Y., Siskos, C., & Zopounidis, C. (1995). Advances in multicriteria analysis. Boston/London/Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers.
Patil, G. P. & Taillie C. (2004). Multiple indicators, partially ordered sets and linear extensions: Multicriterion ranking and prioritization. Environmental and Ecological Statistics, 11(2), 199-228. doi: 10.1023/B:EEST.0000027209.93218.d9
Peng, K. & Tzeng, G. (2012). Strategies for promoting tourism competitiveness using a hybrid mcdm Model. In J. Watada, T. Watanabe, G. Phillips-Wren, R. Howlett, & L. Jain (Eds.), Intelligent decision technologies (pp. 107-115). Berlin: Springer Berlin Heidelberg.
Porter, M. E. (1991). Towards a dynamic theory of strategy. Strategic Management Journal, 12 (Winter Special Issue), 95-117.
Porter, M. E. (1998). The competitive advantage of nations. New York: The Free Press.
Ritchie, J. R. B. & Crouch, G. I. (2003). The competitive destination: A sustainable tourism perspective. Wallingford, uk: cabi.
Ríos, D. & French, S. (1991). A framework for sensitivity analysis in discrete multi-objective decision- making. European Journal of Operational Research, 54(2), 176-190. doi: 10.1016/0377-2217(91)90296-8
Roger, M., Bruen, M., & Maystre, L. (2000). electre and decision support. Methods and applications in engineering and infrastructure investment. New York: Springer us.
Roy, B. (1990). The outranking approach and the foundations of electre methods. In C. A. Bana e Costa (Ed.), Reading in multiple criteria decisión aid (pp. 155-183). Berlin: Springer-Verlag.
Sánchez Rivero, M. & Fajardo Caldera, M. A. (2004). La competitividad de los destinos turísticos: un análisis cuantitativo mediante modelos logísticos. Aplicación a los municipios extremeños. In Economía del Turismo. Actas de las Primeras Jornadas de Economía del Turismo (pp. 53-78). Palma de Mallorca: Asociación Española de Expertos Científicos en Turismo y Universitat de les Illes Baleares.
Sauter, V. (1997). Decision Support Systems. New Jersey: Wiley and Sons.
Secretaría de Turismo (sectur). (2014). Compendio estadístico del sector turismo, 2014. Ciudad de México, D. F.: sectur.
Sinaloa State Government. (2012a). First Government Report, 2011. Sinaloa: Author.
Sinaloa State Government. (2012b). Tourism Sector Program of the state of Sinaloa, 2011-2016. Culiacán, Sinaloa: Author.
Solano Noriega, J. J., Leyva López, J. C., & Gastélum, D. A. (2015). Marginalization in Mexico: An application ef the electre iii-moea methodology. In A. Gaspar-Cunha, C. Henggeler Antunes, & C. Coello. (Eds.), Evolutionary multicriterion optimization (8th International Conference, emo 2015, Guimaraes, Portugal, March 29-April 1, 2015. Proceeding, part ii) (pp. 473-486). New York: Springer.
Triantaphyllou, E. & Sánchez, A. (1997). A sensitivity analysis approach for some deterministic multi-criteria decision-making methods. Decision Sciences, 28(1), 151-194.
https://revistas.uexternado.edu.co/index.php/tursoc/article/download/5173/6240
https://revistas.uexternado.edu.co/index.php/tursoc/article/download/5173/6322
https://revistas.uexternado.edu.co/index.php/tursoc/article/download/5173/8726
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title A multicriteria decision aid for evaluating the competitiveness of tourist destinations in the Northwest of Mexico
spellingShingle A multicriteria decision aid for evaluating the competitiveness of tourist destinations in the Northwest of Mexico
León Santiesteban, Martín
Leyva López, Juan Carlos
MCDA
ELECTRE
destinations competitiveness
title_short A multicriteria decision aid for evaluating the competitiveness of tourist destinations in the Northwest of Mexico
title_full A multicriteria decision aid for evaluating the competitiveness of tourist destinations in the Northwest of Mexico
title_fullStr A multicriteria decision aid for evaluating the competitiveness of tourist destinations in the Northwest of Mexico
title_full_unstemmed A multicriteria decision aid for evaluating the competitiveness of tourist destinations in the Northwest of Mexico
title_sort multicriteria decision aid for evaluating the competitiveness of tourist destinations in the northwest of mexico
title_eng A multicriteria decision aid for evaluating the competitiveness of tourist destinations in the Northwest of Mexico
description This work deals with the problem of comparing the competitiveness of tourist destinations as a multicriteria ranking problem. Comparing tourist destinations is a complex problema because they present wide heterogeneity between them. The Crounch-Ritchie model is used as the main approach for analyzing tourist the competitiveness of tourist destinations. Thereby, we structure the problem as a multicriteria ranking problem for comparing and ranking the destinations with highest competitiveness as the preference direction. For this project, we use the main tourist destinations in the Northwest of Mexico as case study. The ranking of tourist destination is based in their competitiveness, however with the multicriteria analysis proposed, it is possible to use any particular group of the attributes to choose a coherent family of criteria. This process is performed in two steps, the first one uses the ELECTRE III method to construct a valued outranking relation and the second one, a multi-objective evolutionary algorithm for exploiting those relations, and generate the ranking of destinations. 
author León Santiesteban, Martín
Leyva López, Juan Carlos
author_facet León Santiesteban, Martín
Leyva López, Juan Carlos
topicspa_str_mv MCDA
ELECTRE
destinations competitiveness
topic MCDA
ELECTRE
destinations competitiveness
topic_facet MCDA
ELECTRE
destinations competitiveness
citationvolume 21
citationedition , Año 2017 : Julio-Diciembre
publisher Facultad de Administración de Empresas Turísticas y Hoteleras
ispartofjournal Turismo y Sociedad
source https://revistas.uexternado.edu.co/index.php/tursoc/article/view/5173
language spa
format Article
rights https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/
info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess
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references Belton, V. & Hodgkin, J. (1999). Facilitators, decision makers, D. I. Y. users: Is intelligent multicriteria decision support for all feasible or desirable? European Journal of Operational Research, 113, 247-260. DOI: 10.1016/S0377-2217(98)90214-4
Benzaquen, J., Del Carpio, L. A., Zegarra, L. A., & Valdivia, C. A. (2010). Un índice regional de competitividad para un país. Revista cepal, 102, 69-86.
Briggs, T., Kunsch, P., & Mareschal, B. (1990). Nuclear waste management: An application of the multicriteria promethee methods. European Journal of Operational Research, 44(1), 1-10. doi: 10.1016/0377-2217(90)90308-X
Chen, J. S. (Ed.). (2008). Advances in hospitality leisure (Vol. 4). uk: Emerald Group Publishing Limited.
Crouch, G. I. (2010). Destination competitiveness: An analysis of determinant attributes. Journal of Travel Research, 50(1), 27-45. doi: 10.1177/0047287510362776
Crouch, G. I. & Ritchie, J. R. B. (1995). Destination competitiveness and the role of the tourism enterprise. In International Management Development
Association (imda) (Ed.), Proceedings of the Fourth Annual World Business Congress (pp. 43-48). Estambul: imda.
Crouch, G. I. & Ritchie, J. R. B. (1999). Tourism, competitiveness and social prosperity. Journal of Business Research, 44, 137-152. doi: 10.1016/S0148-2963(97)00196-3
Díez Santo, D. (2012). La competitividad turística en espacios interiores: una propuesta metodológica para la determinación de competidores potenciales. Cuadernos de Turismo, 30, 109-125.
Duque Brito, A. (2005). Turismo y competitividad en Venezuela: una aproximación a la situación actual venezolana. Visión Gerencial, 4(2), 133-150.
Dwyer, L. & Kim, C. (2003). Destination competitiveness: Determinants and indicators. Current Issues in Tourism, 6(5), 369-414. doi: 10.1080/13683500308667962
Dwyer, L., Mellor, R., Livaic, Z., Edwards, D., & Kim, C. (2004). Attributes of destination competitiveness: A factor analysis. Tourism Analysis, 9(1-2), 91-101. doi: 10.3727/1083542041437558
Figueira, J., Greco, S., Roy, B., & Slowinski, R. (2010). electre methods: Main features and recent developments. In C. Zopounidis & P. Pardalos (Eds.), Handbook of multicriteria analysis (pp. 51-89). Berlin: Springer-Verlag.
Gándara, J. M., Chim-Miki, A. F., Domareski Ruiz, T. C., & Biz, A. A. (2013). La competitividad turística de Foz do Iguaçu según los determinantes del “Integrative Model” de Dwyer & Kim: analizando la estrategia de construcción del futuro. Cuadernos de Turismo, 31, 105-128.
Gastélum Chavira, D. A., Solano Noriega, J. J., & Leyva López, J. C. (2014). Ordenamiento multicriterio de clientes de una empresa parafinanciera a través de un enfoque evolutivo multiobjetivo. In M. León Santiesteban, M. R. Contreras Loera, & J. C. Leyva López (Coords.), Economía sinaloense, estrategias de desarrollo. México d. f.: Ed. Del Lirio.
Goicoechea, A., Hansen, D., & Duckstein, L. (1982). Multi-objective decision analysis with engineering and business applications. New York: J. Wiley.
Gomezelj Omerzel, D. (2006). Competitiveness of Slovenia as a tourist destination. Managing Global Transitions, 4(2), 167-189.
Gutiérrez-Fernández, F., Cloquell, V. A., & Cloquell, V. (2012). Propuesta de un sistema de indicadores de sostenibilidad para áreas naturales con uso turístico, validado mediante consulta a terceros. Turismo y Sociedad, xiii, 55-83.
Krugman, P. (1994). Competitiveness: A dangerous obsession. Foreign Affairs, 73(2), 28-44. doi: 10.2307/20045917
Labarca, N. (2008). Competitividad en el sector metalmecánico del estado Zulia. Formación Gerencial, 7(1), 51-69.
Leyva, J. C. (2005). Multicriteria decision aid application to a student selection problem. Pesquisa Operacional, 25(1), 45-68. doi: 10.1590/S0101-74382005000100004
Leyva, J. C. & Álvarez, P. (2013). sadgage: A mcgdss to solve the multicriteria ranking problema in a distributed and asynchronous environment. In J. C.
Leyva López, R. Espín Andrade, R. Bello Pérez, & P. A. Álvarez Carrillo (Eds.), Studies on knowledge discovery, knowledge management and decision making. Fourth International Workshop Proceedings, Eureka-2013 (pp. 247-254). Paris: Atlantis Press.
Leyva López, J. C., Gastélum, D. A., & Urías, M. (2013). An application of multicriteria approach to compare economic sectors: The case of Sinaloa, Mexico. In R. C. Purshouse, P. J. Fleming, C. M.
Fonseca, S. Greco, & J. Shaw (Eds.), Evolutionary multi-criterion optimization (7th International Conference, emo 2013, Sheffield, uk, March 19-22, 2013. Proceedings) (pp. 710-725). New York: Springer.
Leyva López, J. C., Solano Noriega, J. J., Gastélum Chavira, D. A., & Sánchez Castañeda, M. D, (2013). A multi-objective evolutionary approach to a medium- sized multicriteria ranking problem. eureka-13. Atlantis Press. doi:10.2991/.2013.23
Leyva J. C., Gastélum, D., & Solano, J. (December 9-12, 2014). A multi-objective genetic algorithm based on nsga ii for deriving final ranking from a medium-sized fuzzy outranking relation. In 2014 ieee Symposium on Computational Intelligence in Multi-Criteria Decision-Making (mcdm), Orlando, fl, u. s. a. doi: 10.1109/mcdm.2014.7007184
Leyva, J. C. & Aguilera, M. A. (2015). A multiobjective evolutionary algorithm for deriving final ranking from a fuzzy outranking relation. In C. Coello, E. Zitzler, & A. Hernández (Eds.), Evolutionary multi-criterion optimization. Third International Conference emo 2005 Proceedings (pp. 235-249). Berlin: Springer.
Marakas, G.M. (1998). Decision Support Systems in the 21st Century. New Jersey: Prentice Hall.
Mazanec, J., Wober, K., & Zins, A. (2007). Tourism destination competitiveness: From definition to explanation? Journal of Travel Research, 46(1), 86-95. doi: 10.1177/0047287507302389
National Institute of Statistics, Geography and Informatics (inegi). (2012). Statistical yearbook of the state of Sinaloa. México: inegi.
Pardalos, Y., Siskos, C., & Zopounidis, C. (1995). Advances in multicriteria analysis. Boston/London/Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers.
Patil, G. P. & Taillie C. (2004). Multiple indicators, partially ordered sets and linear extensions: Multicriterion ranking and prioritization. Environmental and Ecological Statistics, 11(2), 199-228. doi: 10.1023/B:EEST.0000027209.93218.d9
Peng, K. & Tzeng, G. (2012). Strategies for promoting tourism competitiveness using a hybrid mcdm Model. In J. Watada, T. Watanabe, G. Phillips-Wren, R. Howlett, & L. Jain (Eds.), Intelligent decision technologies (pp. 107-115). Berlin: Springer Berlin Heidelberg.
Porter, M. E. (1991). Towards a dynamic theory of strategy. Strategic Management Journal, 12 (Winter Special Issue), 95-117.
Porter, M. E. (1998). The competitive advantage of nations. New York: The Free Press.
Ritchie, J. R. B. & Crouch, G. I. (2003). The competitive destination: A sustainable tourism perspective. Wallingford, uk: cabi.
Ríos, D. & French, S. (1991). A framework for sensitivity analysis in discrete multi-objective decision- making. European Journal of Operational Research, 54(2), 176-190. doi: 10.1016/0377-2217(91)90296-8
Roger, M., Bruen, M., & Maystre, L. (2000). electre and decision support. Methods and applications in engineering and infrastructure investment. New York: Springer us.
Roy, B. (1990). The outranking approach and the foundations of electre methods. In C. A. Bana e Costa (Ed.), Reading in multiple criteria decisión aid (pp. 155-183). Berlin: Springer-Verlag.
Sánchez Rivero, M. & Fajardo Caldera, M. A. (2004). La competitividad de los destinos turísticos: un análisis cuantitativo mediante modelos logísticos. Aplicación a los municipios extremeños. In Economía del Turismo. Actas de las Primeras Jornadas de Economía del Turismo (pp. 53-78). Palma de Mallorca: Asociación Española de Expertos Científicos en Turismo y Universitat de les Illes Baleares.
Sauter, V. (1997). Decision Support Systems. New Jersey: Wiley and Sons.
Secretaría de Turismo (sectur). (2014). Compendio estadístico del sector turismo, 2014. Ciudad de México, D. F.: sectur.
Sinaloa State Government. (2012a). First Government Report, 2011. Sinaloa: Author.
Sinaloa State Government. (2012b). Tourism Sector Program of the state of Sinaloa, 2011-2016. Culiacán, Sinaloa: Author.
Solano Noriega, J. J., Leyva López, J. C., & Gastélum, D. A. (2015). Marginalization in Mexico: An application ef the electre iii-moea methodology. In A. Gaspar-Cunha, C. Henggeler Antunes, & C. Coello. (Eds.), Evolutionary multicriterion optimization (8th International Conference, emo 2015, Guimaraes, Portugal, March 29-April 1, 2015. Proceeding, part ii) (pp. 473-486). New York: Springer.
Triantaphyllou, E. & Sánchez, A. (1997). A sensitivity analysis approach for some deterministic multi-criteria decision-making methods. Decision Sciences, 28(1), 151-194.
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