Titulo:
Private Military and Security Companies, Responsibility of States and International Humanitarian Law: Toward an Interdisciplinary Definition
.
Sumario:
El objetivo del artículo es doble. En primer lugar, identificar los elementos que distinguen a las Compañías militares y de seguridad privadas (CMSP) de otras entidades. En segundo lugar, proponer una definición de las CMSP en el derecho internacional humanitario (DIH). La hipótesis del estudio es que el tipo de servicios militares prestados por las CMSP, su participación directa en las hostilidades y las llamadas “tres externalidades” son los elementos centrales de las CMSP y brindan una base sólida para su definición en el DIH. La metodología de investigación aplicada se basa en la orientación epistemológica interpretativista, la cual se refleja a través de una pregunta de investigación abierta que busca examinar una serie de elementos y... Ver más
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Mario Urueña-Sánchez, Héctor Olásolo - 2023
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Private Military and Security Companies, Responsibility of States and International Humanitarian Law: Toward an Interdisciplinary Definition Private Military and Security Companies, Responsibility of States and International Humanitarian Law: Toward an Interdisciplinary Definition El objetivo del artículo es doble. En primer lugar, identificar los elementos que distinguen a las Compañías militares y de seguridad privadas (CMSP) de otras entidades. En segundo lugar, proponer una definición de las CMSP en el derecho internacional humanitario (DIH). La hipótesis del estudio es que el tipo de servicios militares prestados por las CMSP, su participación directa en las hostilidades y las llamadas “tres externalidades” son los elementos centrales de las CMSP y brindan una base sólida para su definición en el DIH. La metodología de investigación aplicada se basa en la orientación epistemológica interpretativista, la cual se refleja a través de una pregunta de investigación abierta que busca examinar una serie de elementos y procesos observables que contribuyen a determinar el resultado. Para ello, la pregunta de investigación se formula de tal forma que el análisis propuesto ilustra la forma en que los agentes sociales e internacionales representan “el mundo” y un objeto de estudio (las CMSP y su personal) a través de sus interpretaciones intersubjetivas. Esta es la preferida por el pluralismo metodológico y los enfoques interdisciplinarios. The aim of the article is two-fold. First, to identify the elements that distinguish private military and security companies (PMSCS) from other entities. Second, to propose a definition of PMSCS under international humanitarian law (IHL). The hypothesis of the study is that the type of military services provided by PMSCS, their direct participation in hostilities and the so-called ‘three externalities’ are the core elements of PMSCS and provide a solid basis for their definition in IHL. The research methodology applied is based upon the interpretivist epistemological orientation, which is reflected through an open research question which seeks to examine a range of elements and observable processes which contribute to determining the result. To do this, the research question is formulated in such a way that the proposed analysis illustrates the way in which social and international agents represent “the world” and an object of study (PMSCS and their personnel) through their intersubjective interpretations. This is preferred by methodological pluralism and interdisciplinary focuses. Urueña-Sánchez, Mario Olásolo, Héctor Private Military and Security Companies, military services, direct participation in hostilities, international humanitarian law, States’ international responsibility Compañías Militares y de Seguridad Privadas, servicios militares, participación directa en las hostilidades, derecho internacional humanitario, responsabilidad internacional de los Estados 57 Núm. 57 , Año 2023 : Septiembre-Diciembre Artículo de revista Journal article 2023-08-30T11:54:52Z 2023-08-30T11:54:52Z 2023-08-30 application/pdf text/html text/xml Departamento de Derecho Constitucional Revista Derecho del Estado 0122-9893 2346-2051 https://revistas.uexternado.edu.co/index.php/derest/article/view/8958 10.18601/01229893.n57.06 https://doi.org/10.18601/01229893.n57.06 spa http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0 Mario Urueña-Sánchez, Héctor Olásolo - 2023 Esta obra está bajo una licencia internacional Creative Commons Atribución-NoComercial-CompartirIgual 4.0. 135 160 Avant, D. D. The Market for Force: The Consequences of Privatizing Security. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2005. Bjotveit, P. Treath or Asset?: How Private Security Companies and Private Military Companies affect the US Monopoly on Legitimate Force [Master’s thesis]. Oslo: Universitet i Oslo, 2008. Boone, M. Private Military Companies and State Sovereignty: An English School Approach to Regulation and its Consequences [Master’s thesis]. Halifax: Dalhousie University, 2011. Bosch, S. Private Security Contractors and International Humanitarian Law – A Skirmish for Recognition in International Armed Conflicts. In African Security Review. Nº. 16, 2007, 34-52. Brooks, D. Messiahs or Mercenaries? The Future of International Private Military Services. In International Peacekeeping. Vol. 7, Nº. 4, 2000, 129-144. Cameron, L. and Chetail, V. Privatizing War: Private Military and Security Companies under Public International Law. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2013. Cano Linares, M. Á. El Derecho internacional humanitario frente al uso de la fuerza como actividad empresarial. ¿El fin de un monopolio?. In Anuario Español de Derecho Internacional. Vol. 24, 2008, 47-77. Chesterman, S. and Lehnardt, C. (ed). From Mercenaries to Market: The Rise and Regulation of Private Military Companies. New York: Oxford University Press, 2007. Clark, M. K. In the Company of Soldiers: Private Security Companies’ Impact on Military Effectiveness and the Democratic Advantage [PhD thesis]. Ithaca: Cornell University, 2008. Coufal, L. More than Mercenaries?: Mercenaries, Sierra Leone, and the Rise of Private Military Companies [Master’s thesis], Vancouver: University of British Columbia, 2007. Daniels, P. R. Just War and Administrative Personnel in the Private Military Industry. In Journal of Military Ethics. Vol. 14, Nº. 2, 2015, 146-161. Drutschmann, S. Motivation, Markets and Client Relations in the British Private Security Industry. [PhD thesis], London: King’s College London, 2014. Ellington, S. The Rise of Battlefield Private Contractors. In Public Integrity. Vol. 13, Nº. 2, 2011, 131-148. Elsea, J. K. Private Security Contractors in Iraq and Afghanistan: Legal Issues. Russia, China and Eurasia-Social. In Historical. Vol. 27, Nº. 1, 2011, 45-93. Ettinger, A. After the Gold Rush: Corporate Warriors and The Market for Force Revisited. In International Journal. Vol. 69, Nº. 4, 2014, 559-569. General Assembly United Nations and Human Rights Council. Report of the Working Group on the Use of Mercenaries as a Means of Violating Human Rights and Impeding the Right of Peoples to Self-Determination. A/hrc/15/25. UN, 2010. General Assembly United Nations and Human Rights Council. Report of the Working Group on the Use of Mercenaries as a Means of Violating Human Rights and Impeding the Exercise of the Right of People to Self-Determination: addendum. A/hrc/7/7/ Add.3. UN, 2008. Hansen, J. Rethinking the Regulation of Private Military and Security Companies under International Humanitarian Law. In Fordham International Law Journal. Vol. 35, Nº. 3 2012, 698–736. Heinecken, L. Outsourcing Public Security: The Unforeseen Consequences for the Military Profession. In Armed Forces & Society. Vol. 40, Nº. 4, 2014, 625–646. Hurst, S. M. Trade in Force: the need for effective regulation of private military and security companies. In California Law Review. Vol. 84, 2011, 448–490. Huskey, K. A. Accountability for Private Military and Security Contractors in the International Legal Regime. In Criminal Justice Ethics. Vol. 31, Nº. 3, 2012, 193–212. International Committee of the Red Cross (ed.). Convention (III) relative to the Treatment of Prisoners of War. 1949. International Committee of the Red Cross and Federal Department of Foreign Affairs FDFA. The Montreux Document: On pertinent international legal obligations and good practices for States related to operations of private military and security companies during armed conflict. Geneva: ICRC, 2009. Jackson, P. War is much too serious a thing to be left to military men: Private military companies, combat and regulation. In Civil Wars, Vol. 5, Nº. 4, 2002, 30–55. Jerbi, S., Clapham, A., Priddy, A. and Casey-Maslen, S. (eds.). The International Code of Conduct for Private Security Service Providers, Academy Briefing. Geneva: Geneva Academy of International Humanitarian Law and Human Rights, 2013. Joachim, J. and Schneiker, A. All for one and one in all: private military security companies as soldiers, business managers and humanitarians. In Cambridge Review of International Affairs, Vol. 27, Nº 2, 2014, 246–267. Kálmán, J. Mercenaries reloaded? Applicability of the Notion of ‘Mercenaries’ in Relation to Private Military Companies and their Employees. In Acta Juridica Hungarica. Vol. 54, 2013, 367–383. Kinsey, C. Corporate soldiers and international security: the rise of private military companies, Contemporary security studies. London; New York: Routledge, 2006. Koroleva, A. Las empresas militares y de seguridad privadas en los conflictos armados desde la perspectiva del derecho internacional [Master thesis]. Getafe: Universidad Carlos III de Madrid, 2014. Laboire Iglesias, M. La privatización de la seguridad: Las empresas militares y de seguridad privadas en el entorno estratégico actual. Madrid: Instituto Español de Estudios Estratégicos, 2012. Macías, A. The Impact of PMSC on the Role of Today’s Military. In Revista Opera. Nº. 12, 2012, 221–238. Matteo, D. The use of private military and security companies in international society: contestation and legitimation of state practice [PhD thesis]. London: University of Westminster, 2015. Melzer, N. Interpretive Guidance on the Notion of Direct Participation in Hostilities under International Humanitarian Law. Geneva: ICRC, 2009 Milkeraitytė, K. Private Military and Security Companies and their personnel in the context o International Humanitarian Law [Master thesis]. Vilna: Mykolas Romeris University, 2008. De Winter-Schmitt, R. (ed.). Montreux Five Years On: An analysis of State efforts to implement Monteux Document legal obligations and good practice. Washington: American University, 2013. Ortiz, C. Private armed forces and global security: a guide to the issues, Contemporary military, strategic, and security issues. Santa Barbara: Praeger, 2010. Pattison, J. The legitimacy of the military, private military and security companies, and just war theory. In European Journal of Political Theory. Vol. 11, Nº.2, 2012, 131–154. Percy, S. Mercenaries: The History of a Norm in International Relations. New York: Oxford University Press, 2007 Pozo Serrano, P. and Hernández Martín, L., 2018. El marco jurídico de las CMSP. Reflexiones a propósito de la experiencia en Irak. In Anuario Español de Derecho Internacional. Vol. 23, 2007, 315–351. Rothe, D. L. and Ross, J. I. Private Military Contractors, Crime, and the Terrain of Unaccountability. In Justice Quarterly. Vol. 27, Nº. 4, 2010, 593–617. Schmitt, M. N. Humanitarian Law and Direct Participation in Hostilities by Private Contractors or Civilian Employees. In Chicago Journal of International Law. Vol. 5, Nº2, 2005, 511–546. Schreier, F. and Caparini, M. Privatising Security: Law, Practice and Governance Private Military and Security Companies. In Geneva Centre for the Democratic Control of Armed Forces (DCAF): Occasional Paper. n.º 6, 2005 Shearer, D. The expansion of the private military sector. In The Adelphi Papers. Vol. 38, Nº. 316, 1998, 23–37. Singer, P. W. Humanitarian Principles, Private Military Agents: Implications of the Privatized Military Industry for the Humanitarian Community. In The Brown Journal of World Affairs Vol. 13, n.º, 1, 2006, 105–121. United Nations. Responsibility of States for Internationally Wrongful Acts 2001. UN, 2005. United Nations, Office of the United Nations and High Commissioner for Human Rights. Draft International Convention on the Regulation, Oversight and Monitoring of Private Military and Security Companies. UN, 13 Jul 2009. Urbina, J. J. Actores no estatales y externalización de las funciones militares en los conflictos armados: los contratistas privados ante el derecho internacional humanitario. In Anuario Colombiano de Derecho Internacional. Vol. 8, 2015, 41–85. Urueña-Sánchez, M. I. Mercenarios y compañías militares y de seguridad privadas. Estructuración de sus redes normativas. Perspectivas iberoamericanas sobre la justicia. Valencia: Tirant lo Blanch, 2020 Urueña-Sánchez, M. I. Las compañías militares de seguridad privada: ¿los nuevos mercenarios?. In Revista Criminalidad Vol. 61, n.º. 1, 2019, 97–110. Verdad abierta. Los viajes de Yair Klein a Colombia. 2012. Available at from: https://verdadabierta.com/los-viajes-de-yair-klein-a-colombia/ [Accessed 2 Nov 2022]. https://revistas.uexternado.edu.co/index.php/derest/article/download/8958/15341 https://revistas.uexternado.edu.co/index.php/derest/article/download/8958/15342 https://revistas.uexternado.edu.co/index.php/derest/article/download/8958/15343 info:eu-repo/semantics/article http://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_6501 info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion http://purl.org/coar/version/c_970fb48d4fbd8a85 info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess http://purl.org/coar/access_right/c_abf2 Text Publication |
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UNIVERSIDAD EXTERNADO DE COLOMBIA |
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Colombia |
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Revista Derecho del Estado |
| title |
Private Military and Security Companies, Responsibility of States and International Humanitarian Law: Toward an Interdisciplinary Definition |
| spellingShingle |
Private Military and Security Companies, Responsibility of States and International Humanitarian Law: Toward an Interdisciplinary Definition Urueña-Sánchez, Mario Olásolo, Héctor Private Military and Security Companies, military services, direct participation in hostilities, international humanitarian law, States’ international responsibility Compañías Militares y de Seguridad Privadas, servicios militares, participación directa en las hostilidades, derecho internacional humanitario, responsabilidad internacional de los Estados |
| title_short |
Private Military and Security Companies, Responsibility of States and International Humanitarian Law: Toward an Interdisciplinary Definition |
| title_full |
Private Military and Security Companies, Responsibility of States and International Humanitarian Law: Toward an Interdisciplinary Definition |
| title_fullStr |
Private Military and Security Companies, Responsibility of States and International Humanitarian Law: Toward an Interdisciplinary Definition |
| title_full_unstemmed |
Private Military and Security Companies, Responsibility of States and International Humanitarian Law: Toward an Interdisciplinary Definition |
| title_sort |
private military and security companies, responsibility of states and international humanitarian law: toward an interdisciplinary definition |
| title_eng |
Private Military and Security Companies, Responsibility of States and International Humanitarian Law: Toward an Interdisciplinary Definition |
| description |
El objetivo del artículo es doble. En primer lugar, identificar los elementos que distinguen a las Compañías militares y de seguridad privadas (CMSP) de otras entidades. En segundo lugar, proponer una definición de las CMSP en el derecho internacional humanitario (DIH). La hipótesis del estudio es que el tipo de servicios militares prestados por las CMSP, su participación directa en las hostilidades y las llamadas “tres externalidades” son los elementos centrales de las CMSP y brindan una base sólida para su definición en el DIH. La metodología de investigación aplicada se basa en la orientación epistemológica interpretativista, la cual se refleja a través de una pregunta de investigación abierta que busca examinar una serie de elementos y procesos observables que contribuyen a determinar el resultado. Para ello, la pregunta de investigación se formula de tal forma que el análisis propuesto ilustra la forma en que los agentes sociales e internacionales representan “el mundo” y un objeto de estudio (las CMSP y su personal) a través de sus interpretaciones intersubjetivas. Esta es la preferida por el pluralismo metodológico y los enfoques interdisciplinarios.
|
| description_eng |
The aim of the article is two-fold. First, to identify the elements that distinguish private military and security companies (PMSCS) from other entities. Second, to propose a definition of PMSCS under international humanitarian law (IHL). The hypothesis of the study is that the type of military services provided by PMSCS, their direct participation in hostilities and the so-called ‘three externalities’ are the core elements of PMSCS and provide a solid basis for their definition in IHL. The research methodology applied is based upon the interpretivist epistemological orientation, which is reflected through an open research question which seeks to examine a range of elements and observable processes which contribute to determining the result. To do this, the research question is formulated in such a way that the proposed analysis illustrates the way in which social and international agents represent “the world” and an object of study (PMSCS and their personnel) through their intersubjective interpretations. This is preferred by methodological pluralism and interdisciplinary focuses.
|
| author |
Urueña-Sánchez, Mario Olásolo, Héctor |
| author_facet |
Urueña-Sánchez, Mario Olásolo, Héctor |
| topic |
Private Military and Security Companies, military services, direct participation in hostilities, international humanitarian law, States’ international responsibility Compañías Militares y de Seguridad Privadas, servicios militares, participación directa en las hostilidades, derecho internacional humanitario, responsabilidad internacional de los Estados |
| topic_facet |
Private Military and Security Companies, military services, direct participation in hostilities, international humanitarian law, States’ international responsibility Compañías Militares y de Seguridad Privadas, servicios militares, participación directa en las hostilidades, derecho internacional humanitario, responsabilidad internacional de los Estados |
| topicspa_str_mv |
Compañías Militares y de Seguridad Privadas, servicios militares, participación directa en las hostilidades, derecho internacional humanitario, responsabilidad internacional de los Estados |
| citationissue |
57 |
| citationedition |
Núm. 57 , Año 2023 : Septiembre-Diciembre |
| publisher |
Departamento de Derecho Constitucional |
| ispartofjournal |
Revista Derecho del Estado |
| source |
https://revistas.uexternado.edu.co/index.php/derest/article/view/8958 |
| language |
spa |
| format |
Article |
| rights |
http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0 Mario Urueña-Sánchez, Héctor Olásolo - 2023 Esta obra está bajo una licencia internacional Creative Commons Atribución-NoComercial-CompartirIgual 4.0. info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess http://purl.org/coar/access_right/c_abf2 |
| references |
Avant, D. D. The Market for Force: The Consequences of Privatizing Security. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2005. Bjotveit, P. Treath or Asset?: How Private Security Companies and Private Military Companies affect the US Monopoly on Legitimate Force [Master’s thesis]. Oslo: Universitet i Oslo, 2008. Boone, M. Private Military Companies and State Sovereignty: An English School Approach to Regulation and its Consequences [Master’s thesis]. Halifax: Dalhousie University, 2011. Bosch, S. Private Security Contractors and International Humanitarian Law – A Skirmish for Recognition in International Armed Conflicts. In African Security Review. Nº. 16, 2007, 34-52. Brooks, D. Messiahs or Mercenaries? The Future of International Private Military Services. In International Peacekeeping. Vol. 7, Nº. 4, 2000, 129-144. Cameron, L. and Chetail, V. Privatizing War: Private Military and Security Companies under Public International Law. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2013. Cano Linares, M. Á. El Derecho internacional humanitario frente al uso de la fuerza como actividad empresarial. ¿El fin de un monopolio?. In Anuario Español de Derecho Internacional. Vol. 24, 2008, 47-77. Chesterman, S. and Lehnardt, C. (ed). From Mercenaries to Market: The Rise and Regulation of Private Military Companies. New York: Oxford University Press, 2007. Clark, M. K. In the Company of Soldiers: Private Security Companies’ Impact on Military Effectiveness and the Democratic Advantage [PhD thesis]. Ithaca: Cornell University, 2008. Coufal, L. More than Mercenaries?: Mercenaries, Sierra Leone, and the Rise of Private Military Companies [Master’s thesis], Vancouver: University of British Columbia, 2007. Daniels, P. R. Just War and Administrative Personnel in the Private Military Industry. In Journal of Military Ethics. Vol. 14, Nº. 2, 2015, 146-161. Drutschmann, S. Motivation, Markets and Client Relations in the British Private Security Industry. [PhD thesis], London: King’s College London, 2014. Ellington, S. The Rise of Battlefield Private Contractors. In Public Integrity. Vol. 13, Nº. 2, 2011, 131-148. Elsea, J. K. Private Security Contractors in Iraq and Afghanistan: Legal Issues. Russia, China and Eurasia-Social. In Historical. Vol. 27, Nº. 1, 2011, 45-93. Ettinger, A. After the Gold Rush: Corporate Warriors and The Market for Force Revisited. In International Journal. Vol. 69, Nº. 4, 2014, 559-569. General Assembly United Nations and Human Rights Council. Report of the Working Group on the Use of Mercenaries as a Means of Violating Human Rights and Impeding the Right of Peoples to Self-Determination. A/hrc/15/25. UN, 2010. General Assembly United Nations and Human Rights Council. Report of the Working Group on the Use of Mercenaries as a Means of Violating Human Rights and Impeding the Exercise of the Right of People to Self-Determination: addendum. A/hrc/7/7/ Add.3. UN, 2008. Hansen, J. Rethinking the Regulation of Private Military and Security Companies under International Humanitarian Law. In Fordham International Law Journal. Vol. 35, Nº. 3 2012, 698–736. Heinecken, L. Outsourcing Public Security: The Unforeseen Consequences for the Military Profession. In Armed Forces & Society. Vol. 40, Nº. 4, 2014, 625–646. Hurst, S. M. Trade in Force: the need for effective regulation of private military and security companies. In California Law Review. Vol. 84, 2011, 448–490. Huskey, K. A. Accountability for Private Military and Security Contractors in the International Legal Regime. In Criminal Justice Ethics. Vol. 31, Nº. 3, 2012, 193–212. International Committee of the Red Cross (ed.). Convention (III) relative to the Treatment of Prisoners of War. 1949. International Committee of the Red Cross and Federal Department of Foreign Affairs FDFA. The Montreux Document: On pertinent international legal obligations and good practices for States related to operations of private military and security companies during armed conflict. Geneva: ICRC, 2009. Jackson, P. War is much too serious a thing to be left to military men: Private military companies, combat and regulation. In Civil Wars, Vol. 5, Nº. 4, 2002, 30–55. Jerbi, S., Clapham, A., Priddy, A. and Casey-Maslen, S. (eds.). The International Code of Conduct for Private Security Service Providers, Academy Briefing. Geneva: Geneva Academy of International Humanitarian Law and Human Rights, 2013. Joachim, J. and Schneiker, A. All for one and one in all: private military security companies as soldiers, business managers and humanitarians. In Cambridge Review of International Affairs, Vol. 27, Nº 2, 2014, 246–267. Kálmán, J. Mercenaries reloaded? Applicability of the Notion of ‘Mercenaries’ in Relation to Private Military Companies and their Employees. In Acta Juridica Hungarica. Vol. 54, 2013, 367–383. Kinsey, C. Corporate soldiers and international security: the rise of private military companies, Contemporary security studies. London; New York: Routledge, 2006. Koroleva, A. Las empresas militares y de seguridad privadas en los conflictos armados desde la perspectiva del derecho internacional [Master thesis]. Getafe: Universidad Carlos III de Madrid, 2014. Laboire Iglesias, M. La privatización de la seguridad: Las empresas militares y de seguridad privadas en el entorno estratégico actual. Madrid: Instituto Español de Estudios Estratégicos, 2012. Macías, A. The Impact of PMSC on the Role of Today’s Military. In Revista Opera. Nº. 12, 2012, 221–238. Matteo, D. The use of private military and security companies in international society: contestation and legitimation of state practice [PhD thesis]. London: University of Westminster, 2015. Melzer, N. Interpretive Guidance on the Notion of Direct Participation in Hostilities under International Humanitarian Law. Geneva: ICRC, 2009 Milkeraitytė, K. Private Military and Security Companies and their personnel in the context o International Humanitarian Law [Master thesis]. Vilna: Mykolas Romeris University, 2008. De Winter-Schmitt, R. (ed.). Montreux Five Years On: An analysis of State efforts to implement Monteux Document legal obligations and good practice. Washington: American University, 2013. Ortiz, C. Private armed forces and global security: a guide to the issues, Contemporary military, strategic, and security issues. Santa Barbara: Praeger, 2010. Pattison, J. The legitimacy of the military, private military and security companies, and just war theory. In European Journal of Political Theory. Vol. 11, Nº.2, 2012, 131–154. Percy, S. Mercenaries: The History of a Norm in International Relations. New York: Oxford University Press, 2007 Pozo Serrano, P. and Hernández Martín, L., 2018. El marco jurídico de las CMSP. Reflexiones a propósito de la experiencia en Irak. In Anuario Español de Derecho Internacional. Vol. 23, 2007, 315–351. Rothe, D. L. and Ross, J. I. Private Military Contractors, Crime, and the Terrain of Unaccountability. In Justice Quarterly. Vol. 27, Nº. 4, 2010, 593–617. Schmitt, M. N. Humanitarian Law and Direct Participation in Hostilities by Private Contractors or Civilian Employees. In Chicago Journal of International Law. Vol. 5, Nº2, 2005, 511–546. Schreier, F. and Caparini, M. Privatising Security: Law, Practice and Governance Private Military and Security Companies. In Geneva Centre for the Democratic Control of Armed Forces (DCAF): Occasional Paper. n.º 6, 2005 Shearer, D. The expansion of the private military sector. In The Adelphi Papers. Vol. 38, Nº. 316, 1998, 23–37. Singer, P. W. Humanitarian Principles, Private Military Agents: Implications of the Privatized Military Industry for the Humanitarian Community. In The Brown Journal of World Affairs Vol. 13, n.º, 1, 2006, 105–121. United Nations. Responsibility of States for Internationally Wrongful Acts 2001. UN, 2005. United Nations, Office of the United Nations and High Commissioner for Human Rights. Draft International Convention on the Regulation, Oversight and Monitoring of Private Military and Security Companies. UN, 13 Jul 2009. Urbina, J. J. Actores no estatales y externalización de las funciones militares en los conflictos armados: los contratistas privados ante el derecho internacional humanitario. In Anuario Colombiano de Derecho Internacional. Vol. 8, 2015, 41–85. Urueña-Sánchez, M. I. Mercenarios y compañías militares y de seguridad privadas. Estructuración de sus redes normativas. Perspectivas iberoamericanas sobre la justicia. Valencia: Tirant lo Blanch, 2020 Urueña-Sánchez, M. I. Las compañías militares de seguridad privada: ¿los nuevos mercenarios?. In Revista Criminalidad Vol. 61, n.º. 1, 2019, 97–110. Verdad abierta. Los viajes de Yair Klein a Colombia. 2012. Available at from: https://verdadabierta.com/los-viajes-de-yair-klein-a-colombia/ [Accessed 2 Nov 2022]. |
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