Titulo:
Libertad religiosa y no discriminación
.
Sumario:
El artículo aborda el creciente conflicto entre el ejercicio de la libertad religiosa y el derecho a la no discriminación. Se identifican diversas consecuencias y características que surgen al tratar este problema como un conflicto entre derechos fundamentales, tales como su naturaleza no sacrificable, su capacidad de acomodación y la necesidad de una aproximación contextual. Luego se analizan ciertas particularidades de la religión que son relevantes desde la perspectiva antidiscriminatoria, tales como su alegación de “realidad única”, su protección dual mediante la libertad religiosa y la no discriminación por motivos religiosos, su doble dimensión colectiva e individual, la dificultad de lidiar con complejidades doctrinales de una varied... Ver más
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2022-08-24
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José Manuel Díaz de Valdés J. - 2022
Esta obra está bajo una licencia internacional Creative Commons Atribución-NoComercial-CompartirIgual 4.0.
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Libertad religiosa y no discriminación Freedom of Religion and Non-Discrimination El artículo aborda el creciente conflicto entre el ejercicio de la libertad religiosa y el derecho a la no discriminación. Se identifican diversas consecuencias y características que surgen al tratar este problema como un conflicto entre derechos fundamentales, tales como su naturaleza no sacrificable, su capacidad de acomodación y la necesidad de una aproximación contextual. Luego se analizan ciertas particularidades de la religión que son relevantes desde la perspectiva antidiscriminatoria, tales como su alegación de “realidad única”, su protección dual mediante la libertad religiosa y la no discriminación por motivos religiosos, su doble dimensión colectiva e individual, la dificultad de lidiar con complejidades doctrinales de una variedad creciente de religiones y la controversial distinción entre conductas y creencias. This paper reflects on the increasing conflict between religious freedom and the right not to be discriminated against. It identifies several consequences and characteristics of considering this conflict as a clash between fundamental rights, such as the non-expendability of these rights, their suitability for accommodation and the need for a contextualized approach. Then, the paper analyses some particularities of religion that are relevant from an antidiscrimination perspective, such as its “uniqueness” claim, its dual protection through freedom of religion and non-discrimination on religious grounds, its dual dimension as an individual and collective phenomenon, the doctrinal complexities of an increasing number of religions, and the controversial distinction between conducts and believes. Díaz de Valdés J., José Manuel Religious freedom, discrimination, equality, clash of rights, religion Libertad religiosa, discriminación, igualdad, conflicto de derechos, religión 53 Núm. 53 , Año 2022 : Septiembre-Diciembre Artículo de revista Journal article 2022-08-24T12:41:29Z 2022-08-24T12:41:29Z 2022-08-24 application/pdf text/html text/xml Departamento de Derecho Constitucional Revista Derecho del Estado 0122-9893 2346-2051 https://revistas.uexternado.edu.co/index.php/derest/article/view/8161 10.18601/01229893.n53.06 https://doi.org/10.18601/01229893.n53.06 spa http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0 José Manuel Díaz de Valdés J. - 2022 Esta obra está bajo una licencia internacional Creative Commons Atribución-NoComercial-CompartirIgual 4.0. 167 193 Aldunate, E. Derechos fundamentales. Santiago: Legal Publishing, 2008. Baylor, G. y Tracey, T. Religious Liberties: Nondiscrimination Rules and Religious Associational Freedom. En Engage. Vol. 8, n.º 3, 2007, 138-149. Billingham, P. Exemptions for Religious Groups and the Problem of Internal Dissent. En Adentire, J. (ed.), Religious Beliefs and Conscientious Exemptions in a Liberal State. Hart Publishing, 2019, 51-70. Blake, M. The Discriminating Shopper. En San Diego Law Review. Vol. 43, 2006, 1017-1034. Brems, E. Objetions to Antidiscrimination in the Name of Conscience or Religion: A Conflicting Rights Approach. En Mancini, S. y Rosenfeld, M. (eds.), The Conscience Wars: Rethinking the Balance between Religion Identity, and Equality. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2018, 277-302. Brownstein, A. Choosing among Non-Negotiated Surrender, Negotiated Protection of Liberty and Equality, or Learning and Earning Empathy. En Eskridge Jr., W. N. y Fretwell Wilson, R. (eds.), Religious Freedom, lgbt Rights, and the Prospects for Common Ground. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2019, 11-23. Case, M. A. Why “Live and Let Live” Is Not a Viable Solution to the Difficult Problems of Religious Accommodation in the Age of Sexual Civil Rights. En Batnitzky, L. y Dagan, H. Institutionalizing Rights and Religion. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2017, 74-89. Cumper, P. The Reasonable Accommodation of Conservative Religious Beliefs and Protection of lgbt Rights at the Workplace. En Foblets, M-C., Alidadi, K., Nielsen J. S. y Yanasmayan, Z. (eds.), Belief, Law and Politics: What Future for a Secular Europe? Routledge, 2014, 145-156. Daly, E. y Hickey, T. Religious Freedom and the ‘Right to Discriminate’ in the School Admissions Context: A Neo-Republican Critique. En Legal Studies. Vol. 31, n.º 4, 2011, 615-643. dane, P. Scopes of Religious Exemption: A Normative Map. En Vallier, K. y Weber, M. (eds.), Religious Exemptions. Oxford: oup, 2018, 138-164. Díaz de Valdés, J. M. Igualdad constitucional y no discriminación. Valencia: Tirant lo Blanch, 2019. Durham, C. Perspective on Religious Liberty: A Comparative Framework. En Van der Vyver, J. y White Jr., J. (eds.), Religious Human Rights in Global Perspective. Legal Perspectives. La Haya: Martinus Nijhoff, 1996, 1-44. Garnett, R. Religious Freedom and the Nondiscrimination Norm. En Sarai, A. (eds.), Matters of Faith: Religious Experience and Legal Response. Cambridge University Press, 2012, 194-227. Gerards, J. The Discrimination Grounds of Article 14 of the European Convention on Human Rights. En Human Rights Law Review. Vol. 13, n.º 1, 2013, 99-124. Germann, M. Proceeding from Combat to Concept in Religious Freedom and Equality Policies in Europe. En Foblets, M-C., Alidadi, K., Nielsen, J. S. y Yanasmayan, Z. (eds.), Belief, Law and Politics: What Future for a Secular Europe? Abingdon: Routledge, 2014, 67-70. Goffman, E. Estigma. La identidad deteriorada. Buenos Aires: Amorrortu, 2009. Gogarty, B., Hilkemeijer, A. y Westbuty, D. Religious-Based Exemptions from Anti- Discrimination Law: Comparing Jurisdictions that Permit Same-Sex Marriage. En Alternative Law Journal. Vol. 43, n.º 3, 2018, 225-228. Hartley, C. y Watson, L. Political Liberalism and Religious Exemptions. En Vallier, K. y Weber, M. (eds.), en Religious Exemptions. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2018, 97-119. Hernández, B. Religion: Rites vs. Rights–Resolving Tensions between LGBT Equality and Religious Liberty. En Sexual Orientation and Gender Identity in International Law. University of Florida Levin College of Law Legal Studies Research Paper Series Paper No. 19-2, 2018, 1-22. Hersh, A. Daniel in the Lion’s Den: A Structural Reconsideration of Religious Exemption from Nondiscrimination Laws Since Obergefell. En Standoff Law Review. Vol. 70, n.º 1, 2018, 265-317. Hill, H. y Kenyon, R. Promoting Equality and Diversity. A Practitioner’s Guide. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2008. Hirschl, R. Comparative Constitutional Law and Religion. En Ginsburg, T. y Dixon, R. (eds.), Comparative Constitutional Law. Cheltenham (UK)–Northampton (Mass.): Edward Elgar, 2011, 422-440. Jones, P. Conscientious Claims, Ill. Founded Belief and Religious Exemption. En Adentire, J. (eds.), Religious Beliefs and Conscientious Exemptions in a Liberal State. Hart Publishing, 2019, 31-50. Koppelman, A. Gay Rights, Religious Accommodations, and the Purposes of Antidiscrimination Law. En Southern California Law Review. 2015, 619-660. Koppelman, A. Neutrality and the Religion Analogy. En Vallier, K. y Weber, M. (eds.), Religious Exemptions. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2018, 165-183. Krotoszynski, R. The Devil Is in the Details: On the Central Importance of Distinguishing the Truly Public from the Truly Private in Reconciling Equality and Religious Liberty. En Eskridge Jr., W. N. y Fretwell Wilson, R. (eds.), Religious Freedom, lgbt Rights, and the Prospects for Common Ground. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2019, 82-101. Laborde, C. Egalitarian Justice and Religious Exemptions. En Mancini, S. y Rosenfeld, M. (eds.), The Conscience Wars: Rethinking the Balance between Religion Identity, and Equality. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2018, 109-126. Laycock, D. Liberty and Justice for All. En Eskridge Jr. W. N. y Fretwell Wilson, R. (eds.), Religious Freedom, lgbt Rights, and the Prospects for Common Ground. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2019, 24-37. Laycock, D. The Campaign against Religious Liberty. En Schwartzman, M., Flanders, Ch. y Robinson, Z. (eds.), The Rise of Corporate Religious Liberty. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2016, 231-256. Lazarus, L., McCrudden, Ch. y Bowles, N. Reasoning Rights. Comparative Judicial Engagement. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2014. Lim, E. Religious Exemptions in England. En Oxford Journal of Law and Religion. Vol. 3, n.º 3, 2014, 440-461. Limón, L. La diversidad sexual en el Islam: el caso saharaui. En Revista Trabajo Social. 2008, n.º 18, 72-77. Maclure, J. Conscience, Religion, and Exemptions: An Egalitarian View. En Vallier, K. y Weber, M. (eds.), Religious Exemptions. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2018, 9-20. Malik, M. Religious Freedom and Accommodation in the United Kingdom. En Foblets, M-C., Alidadi, K., Nielsen, J. S. y Yanasmayan, Z. (eds.), Belief, Law and Politics: What Future for a Secular Europe? Abingdon: Routledge, 2014, 87-90. Mawdsley, R. Employment, Sexual Orientation and Religious Beliefs: Do Religious Educational Institutions Have a Protected Right to Discriminate in the Selection and Discharge Employees? En Brigham Young University Education and Law Journal. Vol. 2011, n.º 2, 2011, 279-302. McColgan, A. Discrimination, Equality and the Law. Oxford: Hart, 2014. McCrudden, Ch. y Prechal, S. The Concepts of Equality and Non-Discrimination in Europe: A Practical Approach, 2009. Disponible en: ec.europa.eu/social/BlobServl et?docId=4553&langId=e McCrudden, Ch. Litigating Religions. An Essay on Human Rights, Courts, and Beliefs. Oxford Scholarship Online, 2018. McCrudden, Ch. Marriage Registrars, Same-Sex Relationship, and Religious Discrimination in the European Court of Human Rights. En Mancini, S. y Rosenfeld, M. (eds.), The Conscience Wars. Rethinking the Balance between Religion, Identity, and Equality. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2018, 414-462. Nelkin, D. Discriminating Shopper Beware. En San Diego Law Review. Vol. 43, 2006, 1035-1042. Nogueira, H. Aspectos de una Teoría de los derechos fundamentales: la delimitación, regulación, garantías y limitaciones de los derechos fundamentales. En Ius et Praxis. Año 11, n.º 2, 2005, 15-64. Perry, M. On the Constitutionality and Political Morality of Granting Conscience-Protecting Exemptions Only to Religious Believers. En Vallier, K. y Weber, M. (eds.), Religious Exemptions. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2018, 21-36. Price, S. Belief and Belonging: Reconciling Legal Protections for Religious Liberty and lgbt Youth. En Eskridge Jr., W. N. y Fretwell Wilson, R. (eds.), Religious Freedom, lgbt Rights, and the Prospects for Common Ground. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2019, 38-55. Rauch, J. Gay Rights, Religious Liberty, and Nondiscrimination: Can a Train Wreck be Avoided? En David C. Baum Memorial Lecture Series at the University of Illinois College of Law. 2017, 1195-1208. Ravitch, F. S. Freedom’s Edge. Nueva York: Cambridge University Press, 2016. Rossell, J. La no discriminación por motivos religiosos en España. Madrid: Ministerio de Trabajo y Asuntos Sociales, 2008. Seglow, J. Religious Sovereignty and Group Exemptions: A Response to Jean Cohen. En Netherlands Journal of Legal Philosophy. Vol. 44, n.º 3, 2015, 231-239. Shipley, H. One of These Things Is Not Like the Other: Sexual Diversity and Accommodation. En Beaman, L. G. (ed.), Reasonable Accommodation. Managing Religious Diversity. Vancouver: ubcpress, 2012, 165-186. Tushnet, M. Religion and the Roberts Court: The Limits of Religious Pluralism in Constitutional Law. En Schwartzman, M., Flanders, Ch. y Robinson, Z. (eds.), The Rise Of Corporate Religious Liberty. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2016, 465-478. Vickers, L. The Relationship between Religious Diversity and Secular Models: An Equality-Based Perspective. En Foblets, M-C., Alidadi, K., Nielsen, J. S. y Yanasmayan, Z. (eds.), Belief, Law and Politics: What Future for a Secular Europe? Routledge, 2014, 123-130. Waddington, L. Reasonable Accommodation. En Schiek, D., Waddington, L. y Bell, M. (eds.), Non-Discrimination Law. Oxford: Hart, 2007, 629-756. Weese, J. The (Un)Holy Shield: Rethinking the Ministerial Exception. En uc la Law Review. Vol. 67, n.º 5, 2020, 1320-1383. Wertheimer, A. Reflections on Discrimination. En San Diego Law Review. 2006, vol. 43, n.º 4, 945-980. Wilson, R. Bargaining for Religious Accommodations: Same Sex Marriage and lgbt Rights after Hobby Lobby. En Schwartzman, M., Flanders, Ch. y Robinson, Z. (eds.), The Rise of Corporate Religious Liberty. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2016, 257-284. Zucca, L. Religare: The Central Conflict. En Foblets, M-C., Alidadi, K., Nielsen, J. S. y Yanasmayan, Z. (eds.), Belief, Law and Politics: What Future for a Secular Europe? Routledge, 2014, 223-226. https://revistas.uexternado.edu.co/index.php/derest/article/download/8161/13238 https://revistas.uexternado.edu.co/index.php/derest/article/download/8161/13239 https://revistas.uexternado.edu.co/index.php/derest/article/download/8161/13240 info:eu-repo/semantics/article http://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_6501 http://purl.org/redcol/resource_type/ARTREF info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion http://purl.org/coar/version/c_970fb48d4fbd8a85 info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess http://purl.org/coar/access_right/c_abf2 Text Publication |
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UNIVERSIDAD EXTERNADO DE COLOMBIA |
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Colombia |
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Revista Derecho del Estado |
| title |
Libertad religiosa y no discriminación |
| spellingShingle |
Libertad religiosa y no discriminación Díaz de Valdés J., José Manuel Religious freedom, discrimination, equality, clash of rights, religion Libertad religiosa, discriminación, igualdad, conflicto de derechos, religión |
| title_short |
Libertad religiosa y no discriminación |
| title_full |
Libertad religiosa y no discriminación |
| title_fullStr |
Libertad religiosa y no discriminación |
| title_full_unstemmed |
Libertad religiosa y no discriminación |
| title_sort |
libertad religiosa y no discriminación |
| title_eng |
Freedom of Religion and Non-Discrimination |
| description |
El artículo aborda el creciente conflicto entre el ejercicio de la libertad religiosa y el derecho a la no discriminación. Se identifican diversas consecuencias y características que surgen al tratar este problema como un conflicto entre derechos fundamentales, tales como su naturaleza no sacrificable, su capacidad de acomodación y la necesidad de una aproximación contextual. Luego se analizan ciertas particularidades de la religión que son relevantes desde la perspectiva antidiscriminatoria, tales como su alegación de “realidad única”, su protección dual mediante la libertad religiosa y la no discriminación por motivos religiosos, su doble dimensión colectiva e individual, la dificultad de lidiar con complejidades doctrinales de una variedad creciente de religiones y la controversial distinción entre conductas y creencias.
|
| description_eng |
This paper reflects on the increasing conflict between religious freedom and the right not to be discriminated against. It identifies several consequences and characteristics of considering this conflict as a clash between fundamental rights, such as the non-expendability of these rights, their suitability for accommodation and the need for a contextualized approach. Then, the paper analyses some particularities of religion that are relevant from an antidiscrimination perspective, such as its “uniqueness” claim, its dual protection through freedom of religion and non-discrimination on religious grounds, its dual dimension as an individual and collective phenomenon, the doctrinal complexities of an increasing number of religions, and the controversial distinction between conducts and believes.
|
| author |
Díaz de Valdés J., José Manuel |
| author_facet |
Díaz de Valdés J., José Manuel |
| topic |
Religious freedom, discrimination, equality, clash of rights, religion Libertad religiosa, discriminación, igualdad, conflicto de derechos, religión |
| topic_facet |
Religious freedom, discrimination, equality, clash of rights, religion Libertad religiosa, discriminación, igualdad, conflicto de derechos, religión |
| topicspa_str_mv |
Libertad religiosa, discriminación, igualdad, conflicto de derechos, religión |
| citationissue |
53 |
| citationedition |
Núm. 53 , Año 2022 : Septiembre-Diciembre |
| publisher |
Departamento de Derecho Constitucional |
| ispartofjournal |
Revista Derecho del Estado |
| source |
https://revistas.uexternado.edu.co/index.php/derest/article/view/8161 |
| language |
spa |
| format |
Article |
| rights |
http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0 José Manuel Díaz de Valdés J. - 2022 Esta obra está bajo una licencia internacional Creative Commons Atribución-NoComercial-CompartirIgual 4.0. info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess http://purl.org/coar/access_right/c_abf2 |
| references |
Aldunate, E. Derechos fundamentales. Santiago: Legal Publishing, 2008. Baylor, G. y Tracey, T. Religious Liberties: Nondiscrimination Rules and Religious Associational Freedom. En Engage. Vol. 8, n.º 3, 2007, 138-149. Billingham, P. Exemptions for Religious Groups and the Problem of Internal Dissent. En Adentire, J. (ed.), Religious Beliefs and Conscientious Exemptions in a Liberal State. Hart Publishing, 2019, 51-70. Blake, M. The Discriminating Shopper. En San Diego Law Review. Vol. 43, 2006, 1017-1034. Brems, E. Objetions to Antidiscrimination in the Name of Conscience or Religion: A Conflicting Rights Approach. En Mancini, S. y Rosenfeld, M. (eds.), The Conscience Wars: Rethinking the Balance between Religion Identity, and Equality. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2018, 277-302. Brownstein, A. Choosing among Non-Negotiated Surrender, Negotiated Protection of Liberty and Equality, or Learning and Earning Empathy. En Eskridge Jr., W. N. y Fretwell Wilson, R. (eds.), Religious Freedom, lgbt Rights, and the Prospects for Common Ground. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2019, 11-23. Case, M. A. Why “Live and Let Live” Is Not a Viable Solution to the Difficult Problems of Religious Accommodation in the Age of Sexual Civil Rights. En Batnitzky, L. y Dagan, H. Institutionalizing Rights and Religion. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2017, 74-89. Cumper, P. The Reasonable Accommodation of Conservative Religious Beliefs and Protection of lgbt Rights at the Workplace. En Foblets, M-C., Alidadi, K., Nielsen J. S. y Yanasmayan, Z. (eds.), Belief, Law and Politics: What Future for a Secular Europe? Routledge, 2014, 145-156. Daly, E. y Hickey, T. Religious Freedom and the ‘Right to Discriminate’ in the School Admissions Context: A Neo-Republican Critique. En Legal Studies. Vol. 31, n.º 4, 2011, 615-643. dane, P. Scopes of Religious Exemption: A Normative Map. En Vallier, K. y Weber, M. (eds.), Religious Exemptions. Oxford: oup, 2018, 138-164. Díaz de Valdés, J. M. Igualdad constitucional y no discriminación. Valencia: Tirant lo Blanch, 2019. Durham, C. Perspective on Religious Liberty: A Comparative Framework. En Van der Vyver, J. y White Jr., J. (eds.), Religious Human Rights in Global Perspective. Legal Perspectives. La Haya: Martinus Nijhoff, 1996, 1-44. Garnett, R. Religious Freedom and the Nondiscrimination Norm. En Sarai, A. (eds.), Matters of Faith: Religious Experience and Legal Response. Cambridge University Press, 2012, 194-227. Gerards, J. The Discrimination Grounds of Article 14 of the European Convention on Human Rights. En Human Rights Law Review. Vol. 13, n.º 1, 2013, 99-124. Germann, M. Proceeding from Combat to Concept in Religious Freedom and Equality Policies in Europe. En Foblets, M-C., Alidadi, K., Nielsen, J. S. y Yanasmayan, Z. (eds.), Belief, Law and Politics: What Future for a Secular Europe? Abingdon: Routledge, 2014, 67-70. Goffman, E. Estigma. La identidad deteriorada. Buenos Aires: Amorrortu, 2009. Gogarty, B., Hilkemeijer, A. y Westbuty, D. Religious-Based Exemptions from Anti- Discrimination Law: Comparing Jurisdictions that Permit Same-Sex Marriage. En Alternative Law Journal. Vol. 43, n.º 3, 2018, 225-228. Hartley, C. y Watson, L. Political Liberalism and Religious Exemptions. En Vallier, K. y Weber, M. (eds.), en Religious Exemptions. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2018, 97-119. Hernández, B. Religion: Rites vs. Rights–Resolving Tensions between LGBT Equality and Religious Liberty. En Sexual Orientation and Gender Identity in International Law. University of Florida Levin College of Law Legal Studies Research Paper Series Paper No. 19-2, 2018, 1-22. Hersh, A. Daniel in the Lion’s Den: A Structural Reconsideration of Religious Exemption from Nondiscrimination Laws Since Obergefell. En Standoff Law Review. Vol. 70, n.º 1, 2018, 265-317. Hill, H. y Kenyon, R. Promoting Equality and Diversity. A Practitioner’s Guide. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2008. Hirschl, R. Comparative Constitutional Law and Religion. En Ginsburg, T. y Dixon, R. (eds.), Comparative Constitutional Law. Cheltenham (UK)–Northampton (Mass.): Edward Elgar, 2011, 422-440. Jones, P. Conscientious Claims, Ill. Founded Belief and Religious Exemption. En Adentire, J. (eds.), Religious Beliefs and Conscientious Exemptions in a Liberal State. Hart Publishing, 2019, 31-50. Koppelman, A. Gay Rights, Religious Accommodations, and the Purposes of Antidiscrimination Law. En Southern California Law Review. 2015, 619-660. Koppelman, A. Neutrality and the Religion Analogy. En Vallier, K. y Weber, M. (eds.), Religious Exemptions. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2018, 165-183. Krotoszynski, R. The Devil Is in the Details: On the Central Importance of Distinguishing the Truly Public from the Truly Private in Reconciling Equality and Religious Liberty. En Eskridge Jr., W. N. y Fretwell Wilson, R. (eds.), Religious Freedom, lgbt Rights, and the Prospects for Common Ground. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2019, 82-101. Laborde, C. Egalitarian Justice and Religious Exemptions. En Mancini, S. y Rosenfeld, M. (eds.), The Conscience Wars: Rethinking the Balance between Religion Identity, and Equality. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2018, 109-126. Laycock, D. Liberty and Justice for All. En Eskridge Jr. W. N. y Fretwell Wilson, R. (eds.), Religious Freedom, lgbt Rights, and the Prospects for Common Ground. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2019, 24-37. Laycock, D. The Campaign against Religious Liberty. En Schwartzman, M., Flanders, Ch. y Robinson, Z. (eds.), The Rise of Corporate Religious Liberty. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2016, 231-256. Lazarus, L., McCrudden, Ch. y Bowles, N. Reasoning Rights. Comparative Judicial Engagement. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2014. Lim, E. Religious Exemptions in England. En Oxford Journal of Law and Religion. Vol. 3, n.º 3, 2014, 440-461. Limón, L. La diversidad sexual en el Islam: el caso saharaui. En Revista Trabajo Social. 2008, n.º 18, 72-77. Maclure, J. Conscience, Religion, and Exemptions: An Egalitarian View. En Vallier, K. y Weber, M. (eds.), Religious Exemptions. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2018, 9-20. Malik, M. Religious Freedom and Accommodation in the United Kingdom. En Foblets, M-C., Alidadi, K., Nielsen, J. S. y Yanasmayan, Z. (eds.), Belief, Law and Politics: What Future for a Secular Europe? Abingdon: Routledge, 2014, 87-90. Mawdsley, R. Employment, Sexual Orientation and Religious Beliefs: Do Religious Educational Institutions Have a Protected Right to Discriminate in the Selection and Discharge Employees? En Brigham Young University Education and Law Journal. Vol. 2011, n.º 2, 2011, 279-302. McColgan, A. Discrimination, Equality and the Law. Oxford: Hart, 2014. McCrudden, Ch. y Prechal, S. The Concepts of Equality and Non-Discrimination in Europe: A Practical Approach, 2009. Disponible en: ec.europa.eu/social/BlobServl et?docId=4553&langId=e McCrudden, Ch. Litigating Religions. An Essay on Human Rights, Courts, and Beliefs. Oxford Scholarship Online, 2018. McCrudden, Ch. Marriage Registrars, Same-Sex Relationship, and Religious Discrimination in the European Court of Human Rights. En Mancini, S. y Rosenfeld, M. (eds.), The Conscience Wars. Rethinking the Balance between Religion, Identity, and Equality. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2018, 414-462. Nelkin, D. Discriminating Shopper Beware. En San Diego Law Review. Vol. 43, 2006, 1035-1042. Nogueira, H. Aspectos de una Teoría de los derechos fundamentales: la delimitación, regulación, garantías y limitaciones de los derechos fundamentales. En Ius et Praxis. Año 11, n.º 2, 2005, 15-64. Perry, M. On the Constitutionality and Political Morality of Granting Conscience-Protecting Exemptions Only to Religious Believers. En Vallier, K. y Weber, M. (eds.), Religious Exemptions. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2018, 21-36. Price, S. Belief and Belonging: Reconciling Legal Protections for Religious Liberty and lgbt Youth. En Eskridge Jr., W. N. y Fretwell Wilson, R. (eds.), Religious Freedom, lgbt Rights, and the Prospects for Common Ground. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2019, 38-55. Rauch, J. Gay Rights, Religious Liberty, and Nondiscrimination: Can a Train Wreck be Avoided? En David C. Baum Memorial Lecture Series at the University of Illinois College of Law. 2017, 1195-1208. Ravitch, F. S. Freedom’s Edge. Nueva York: Cambridge University Press, 2016. Rossell, J. La no discriminación por motivos religiosos en España. Madrid: Ministerio de Trabajo y Asuntos Sociales, 2008. Seglow, J. Religious Sovereignty and Group Exemptions: A Response to Jean Cohen. En Netherlands Journal of Legal Philosophy. Vol. 44, n.º 3, 2015, 231-239. Shipley, H. One of These Things Is Not Like the Other: Sexual Diversity and Accommodation. En Beaman, L. G. (ed.), Reasonable Accommodation. Managing Religious Diversity. Vancouver: ubcpress, 2012, 165-186. Tushnet, M. Religion and the Roberts Court: The Limits of Religious Pluralism in Constitutional Law. En Schwartzman, M., Flanders, Ch. y Robinson, Z. (eds.), The Rise Of Corporate Religious Liberty. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2016, 465-478. Vickers, L. The Relationship between Religious Diversity and Secular Models: An Equality-Based Perspective. En Foblets, M-C., Alidadi, K., Nielsen, J. S. y Yanasmayan, Z. (eds.), Belief, Law and Politics: What Future for a Secular Europe? Routledge, 2014, 123-130. Waddington, L. Reasonable Accommodation. En Schiek, D., Waddington, L. y Bell, M. (eds.), Non-Discrimination Law. Oxford: Hart, 2007, 629-756. Weese, J. 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