Overseas voting: The case of Jamaica Nuh wey nuh betta than yard
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Overseas voting: The case of Jamaica Nuh wey nuh betta than yard
.

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Este articulo aborda las perspectivas de permitir a los jamaiquinos residentes en el extranjero votar en las elecciones de su país de origen. Esta cuestión ha surgido en dos frentes: en el contexto nacional y en el discurso académico y político internacional. El Pacto Internacional de Derechos Civiles y Políticos (PIDCP) afirma el derecho de los ciudadanos “a elegir y ser elegidos en elecciones auténticas y periódicas”. En debates recientes se ha cuestionado la aplicación de estos derechos en Jamaica. En ese sentido, esta investigación indaga si los ciudadanos jamaiquinos residentes en el extranjero tienen derecho a votar en las elecciones de Jamaica desde el extranjero y, en caso afirmativo, en que condiciones lo pueden hacer. A nivel naci... Ver más

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1657-8651

2346-2159

Vasciannie, Lisa

UNIVERSIDAD EXTERNADO DE COLOMBIA

10.18601/16578651.n36.08

2024-11-25

153

174

Colombia

Jamaica

voto en el extranjero;

elecciones;

soberanía;

diaspora;

http://purl.org/coar/access_right/c_abf2

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Lisa Vasciannie - 2024

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spelling Overseas voting: The case of Jamaica Nuh wey nuh betta than yard
Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Foreign Trade (2015). National Diaspora Policy. Background, Policy Process, Principles, Goals, Outcomes and Actions. Draft. http://www.jhcottawa.ca/ESW/Files/DIASPORA_POLICY_BRIEF_dated_june_2015.pdf
Organization of American States (2021). Election observation mission to Bahamas: Preliminary report. https://www.oas.org/documents/eng/press/EOM-Bahamas-2021-Preliminary-Report.pdf
Organization of American States (1969). American Convention On Human Rights “Pact of San Jose, Costa Rica”. https://www.oas.org/dil/access_to_information_American_Convention_on_Human_Rights.pdf
Orane, D. (2002, December 8). Confronting issues in Jamaica. The Sunday Gleaner. https://gleaner.newspaperarchive.com/kingston-gleaner/2002-12-08/page-86/
Nohlen, D., and Grotz, F. The legal framework and an overview of electoral legislation. In Ellis, A., et al. (Eds.). Voting from Abroad The International IDEA Handbook. Voting from Abroad: The International IDEA Handbook. Sweden: International IDEA.
Ni Mhurchu, A. (2014). Exploring the citizenship debate: The sovereign citizen-subject. In Ambiguous citizenship in an age of global migration (pp.27–57). Edinburgh University Press.
Nicholson, A. J. (2015, June 16). Government gives serious thought. Jamaica Gleaner. https://jamaica-gleaner.com/article/news/20150616/government-gives-serious-thought-allowingoverseas-nationals-vote
Nettleford, R. (1971). Manley and the politics of Jamaica: towards an analysis of political change in Jamaica 1938-1968. Social and Economic Studies, 20(3), 1-72. http://www.jstor.org/stable/27856493
Munroe, T. (1999, February 9). Understanding Jamaica’s current crisis. The Gleaner. https://gleaner.newspaperarchive.com/kingston-gleaner/1999-02-09/page-18/
Mundle, T. (2022, January 10). Government to review two-thirds majority SOE voting bar. Jamaica Gleaner. https://jamaica-gleaner.com/article/lead-stories/20220110/govt-review-two-thirdsmajority-soe-voting-bar
Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Foreign Trade. (2022). National Diaspora Policy. https://mfaft.gov.jm/site/wp-content/uploads/2019/03/National-Diaspora-Policy-1.pdf
Lopez, B. (2003, March 23). Transparency and accountability in government expenditure. The Gleaner. https://gleaner.newspaperarchive.com/kingstongleaner/2003-03-23/page-78/
Palop-Garcia, P., and Pedroza, L. (2017). Beyond convergence: Unveiling variations of external franchise in Latin America and the Caribbean from 1950 to 2015. Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, 43(9), 1597-1616. https://doi.org/10.1080/1369183X.2016.1234932
Jack, W., and Lagunoff, R. (2006). Dynamic enfranchisement. Journal of Public Economics, 90(4-5), 551–572. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpubeco.2005.05.003
Kapur, D., and McHale, J. (2003). Migration’s new payoff. Foreign Policy, 139, 49-57. https://doi.org/10.2307/3183737
Jones, A. H. M. (1955). The elections under Augustus. The Journal of Roman Studies, 45, 9-21. https://doi.org/10.2307/298739
Jamaica Information Service (2006, April 20). Voting rights for overseas Jamaicans not on govt’s agenda. https://jis.gov.jm/voting-rights-for-overseasjamaicans-not-on-govts-agenda/
International Foundation for Electoral Systems (IFES) (1998). Technical assessment: Electronic registration and voting system, Jamaica. https://www.ifes.org/publications/technical-assessment-electronic-registration-and-voting-system-jamaica
Hutcheson, D. S., and Arrighi, J. -T. (2015) “Keeping Pandora’s (ballot) box half-shut”: A comparative inquiry into the institutional limits of external voting in EU Member States. Democratization, 22(5), 884-905. DOI: 10.1080/13510347.2014.979161
Guyana begins registration of overseas voters (1979). The Gleaner.https://gleaner.newspaperarchive.com/kingston-gleaner/1979-06-14/page-3/
Green, P. (2007). Entitlement to vote. In Voting from abroad: The international IDEA Handbook.
Government of Jamaica (2020). National diaspora plan. Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Foreign Trade.
Government of Jamaica (2017). National policy on international migration and development. https://www.pioj.gov.jm/wp-content/uploads/2019/08/National-Policy-and-Plan-of-Action-on-International-Migration-and-Development-April-2017.pdf
Government of Jamaica (2015). National diaspora plan (draft). Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Foreign Trade.
Organization of American States (2023). Election observation mission to Ecuador: Preliminary report. https://www.oas.org/fpdb/press/PRELIMINARY-REPORT---Preliminary-Report-OASOEM-Ecuador-2023-Second-Round.pdf
Palop-García, P., and Pedroza, L. (2019). Passed, regulated, or applied? The different stages of emigrant enfranchisement in Latin America and the Caribbean. https://doi.org/10.1080/13510347.2018.1534827
Gamlen, A. J. (2019). Human geopolitics: States, emigrants, and the rise of diaspora institutions. Oxford University Press. https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&scope=site&db=nlebk&db=nlabk&AN=2116485
Vasciannie, L. A. (2017). International election observation in Guyana 1964-2001. Commonwealth and Comparative Politics, 55(2), 141-164. https://doi.org/10.1080/14662043.2017.1283476
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Whitaker, B. E. (2011). The politics of home: Dual citizenship and the African diaspora. International Migration Review, 45(4), 755-783. http://www.jstor.org/stable/41427968
Walton‐Roberts, M., and Judge, N. A. (2023). Diaspora alumni networks as transnational governance actors. International Migration. https://doi.org/10.1111/imig.13166
Vasciannie, S. C., and Vasciannie, L. A. (2024). Jamaica’s foreign policy: 1962-2022. Palgrave Macmillan. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-58901-0
Vasciannie, L. A. (2018). International election observation in the Commonwealth Caribbean : Race, aid and democratization. Palgrave Macmillan. https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&scope=site&db=nlebk&db=nlabk&AN=1595441
Plaza, D. (2006). The construction of a segmented hybrid identity among one-and-a-half-generation and second-generation Indo-Caribbean and African Caribbean Canadians. Identity, 6(3), 207-229. https://doi.org/10.1207/s1532706xid0603_1
Vambe, M. T. (2021). Voting rights of Zimbabweans in the diaspora. Journal of African Elections, 20(1), 137-158.
UN General Assembly (1966, December 16). International covenant on civil and political rights. United Nations, Treaty Series, 999, 171. https://www.refworld.org/legal/agreements/unga/1966/en/17703 [accessed 27 September 2024]
Tungwarara, O. (2007). Zimbabwe: Highly restrictive provisions. In Voting from abroad: The international IDEA Handbook.
Thomas, D. A. (2007). Blackness across borders: Jamaican diasporas and new politics of citizenship. Identities, 14(1-2), 111-133. https://doi.org/10.1080/10702890601102589
The Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Foreign Trade (2024, April 12). Foreign Ministry confronts deception from ‘parallel Diaspora Conference’; urges support for authentic Diaspora engagement [Press release].
Superti, C. (2023). A foot in both countries: the effect of origin-country enfranchisement on migrants’ political interest and partisanship. Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, 49(10), 2582-2606. https://doi.org/10.1080/1369183X.2023.2182716
Sticking Points Remain in Diaspora’s Push to Vote (2022, June 14). Jamaica Gleaner. https://jamaica-gleaner.com/article/lead-stories/20220614/sticking-points-remain-diasporas-push-rightvote?fbclid=IwAR3YqZ92pHwS1zN_74d0VUDQgePghSUob7rBwhAqGyxK_Hm1FZsheCudUE4
Spaulding, G. (2012, July 24). Let diaspora votebut Jamaicans reject idea of overseas residents sitting in Parliament. Gleaner, 1-3. https://jamaica-gleaner.com/gleaner/20120724/lead/lead1.html#google_vignette
Smith, A. Y. (2023). I have two flags in my heart: Diasporic citizenship of Jamaicans living in Britain. OASIS - Observatorio de Análisis de Los Sistemas Internacionales, 37, 193-216. https://doi-org.rproxy.uwimona.edu.jm/10.18601/16577558.n37.11
Sives, A. (2012). Formalizing diaspora-state relations: Processes and tensions in the Jamaican Case. International Migration, 50(1), 113–128. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2435.2011.00734.x
Representation of the People Act (1997). Robinson, C. (2024, March 24). $87.4 million spent to import ballot paper for last four elections. Jamaica Gleaner. https://jamaica-gleaner.com/article/lead-stories/20240324/874-millionspent-import-ballot-paper-last-four-elections.
Government of Barbados (2011). Parliamentary Elections (Amendment) Act. https://www.elections.gov.bs/overseas-registration-and-overseas-voting/
Franklyn, D. (2003, July 13). Engaging the Jamaican diaspora in the USA. The Sunday Gleaner. https://gleaner.newspaperarchive.com/kingstongleaner/2003-07-13/page-87/
Erben, P., Goldsmith, B., and Shujaat, A. (2012). Outof- country voting. International Foundation for Electoral Systems, White Paper Series
Núm. 36 , Año 2025 : Enero-Junio
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https://revistas.uexternado.edu.co/index.php/opera/article/view/9979
Opera
Facultad de Finanzas, Gobierno y Relaciones Internacionales
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Artículo de revista
36
Esta obra está bajo una licencia internacional Creative Commons Atribución-NoComercial-CompartirIgual 4.0.
Jamaica
voto en el extranjero;
elecciones;
soberanía;
diaspora;
Vasciannie, Lisa
Este articulo aborda las perspectivas de permitir a los jamaiquinos residentes en el extranjero votar en las elecciones de su país de origen. Esta cuestión ha surgido en dos frentes: en el contexto nacional y en el discurso académico y político internacional. El Pacto Internacional de Derechos Civiles y Políticos (PIDCP) afirma el derecho de los ciudadanos “a elegir y ser elegidos en elecciones auténticas y periódicas”. En debates recientes se ha cuestionado la aplicación de estos derechos en Jamaica. En ese sentido, esta investigación indaga si los ciudadanos jamaiquinos residentes en el extranjero tienen derecho a votar en las elecciones de Jamaica desde el extranjero y, en caso afirmativo, en que condiciones lo pueden hacer. A nivel nacional, desde la diaspora se han hecho llamados a los dos principales partidos políticos, el Partido Laborista de Jamaica (JLP) y el Partido Nacional del Pueblo (PNP), para que permitan el derecho de voto a los jamaiquinos residentes en el extranjero. Las respuestas a estas demandas se han reflejado en diversas políticas nacionales. Un aspecto central de estos debates es si el derecho al voto, consagrado en el PIDCP y en varias constituciones nacionales, se extiende más allá de las fronteras. Este articulo examina críticamente la viabilidad de implantar el voto en el extranjero como opción política para Jamaica. La investigación aborda cuestiones de soberanía, ciudadanía y el papel y los derechos de la diaspora en las relaciones internacionales contemporáneas.
Lisa Vasciannie - 2024
Publication
A time to shift gears (2006, May 7). Jamaica Gleaner, PA8. https://old.jamaica-gleaner.com/gleaner/20060507/cleisure/cleisure1.html
Delano Alonso, A., and Mylonas, H. (2019). The micro foundations of diaspora politics: Unpacking the state and disaggregating the diaspora. Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, 45(4), 473-491.
Commonwealth Secretariat (2022). The Commonwealth of the Bahamas general election 16 September 2021. https://production-new-commonwealth-files.s3.eu-west-2.amazonaws.com/s3fs-public/2022-08/The%20Bahamas%20COG%20Report%20FINAL.pdf?VersionId=TVyUeGYJ0DJxku4X7Dp52qEUA_4q0aHM
Chen, Y. W., Racine, E., and Collins, N. (2014). Gone but not forgotten: The (re-) making of diaspora strategies. Asian Ethnicity, 16(3), 371-379. https://doi.org/10.1080/14631369.2013.878210
Caramani, D., and Grotz, F. (2015). Beyond citizenship and residence? Exploring the extension of voting rights in the age of globalization. Democratization, 22(5), 799-819. https://doi.org/10.1080/13510347.2014.981668
Campbell, E. (2015, June 10). Give diaspora constituent vote. The Jamaica Gleaner. http://new.jamaicagleaner.com/article/lead-stories/20150611/givediaspora-constituent-vote-ja-holness
Burgess, K. (2012). Migrants, remittances, and politics: Loyalty and voice after exit. The Fletcher Forum of World Affairs, 36(1), 43-55. https://doi.org/10.2307/45289547
Electoral Commission of Jamaica (2020, September 4). General election, preliminary results [Press release]. https://ecj.com.jm/general-election-2020-preliminary-results/
Buddan, R. (2004). Universal adult suffrage in Jamaica and the Caribbean since 1944. Social and Economic Studies, 53(4), 135-162.
Brown, L. (2015, May 4). Diaspora vote not on the cards for now. The Jamaica Gleaner. https://jamaicagleaner.com/article/lead-stories/20150504/diaspora-vote-not-cardsfor-now#google_vignette
Belton, K. A. (2019). Muddy waters: citizenship and the right to vote in the Commonwealth Caribbean migratory context. Commonwealth & Comparative Politics, 57(1), 93-122. https://doi.org/10.1080/14662043.2019.1545526
Baubock, R. (2005). Expansive citizenship: Voting beyond territory and membership. Political Science and Politics, 38(4), 683-687. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1049096505050341
EAC rejects call for overseas voters (2003, November 27). The Gleaner. https://gleaner.newspaperarchive.com/kingston-gleaner/2003-11-27/
Bańkowski, Z., and Christodoulidis, E. (1999). Citizenship bounded and citizenship Unbounded. In K. Dannreuther, and R. Hutchings (Eds.), Cosmopolitan citizenship. Palgrave Macmillan.
Bank of Jamaica (2022). Remittances bulletin, December 2022. https://boj.org.jm/wp-content/uploads/2023/02/Remittance-Bulletin-December-2022.pdf
Bank of Jamaica (2023). Remittances bulletin, December 2023. https://boj.org.jm/wp-content/uploads/2024/02/Remittance-Bulletin-December-2023.pdf
Bailey, H. G. (2024, June 16). Diaspora discord: Dissident group’s protests irk Gov’t ahead of today’s 10th biennial conference in MoBay. The Jamaica Observer. https://www.jamaicaobserver.com/2024/06/16/diaspora-discord/
Ellis, A., Wall, A. (2007). Voting from abroad: The international IDEA handbook. International Institute for Democracy and Electoral Assistance; Federal Electoral Institute of Mexico.
Collyer, M. (2014). A geography of extra-territorial citizenship: Explanations of external voting. Migration Studies, 2(1), 55-72.
sovereignty;
Diaspora;
elections;
overseas voting;
Jamaica
This paper examines the prospects of enabling Jamaicans living abroad to vote in Jamaica’s elections. This issue has surfaced on two fronts: within the national context and in international academic and policymaking discourse. The International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR) affirms the right of citizens “to vote and to be elected at genuine and periodic elections.” Recent discussions have questioned the application of these rights in Jamaica. This research investigates whether Jamaican citizens living overseas have the right to vote in Jamaican elections from abroad, and if so, under what conditions. Nationally, there have been calls from the diaspora for both major political parties, the Jamaica Labour Party (JLP) and the People’s National Party (PNP), to allow voting rights for Jamaicans living abroad. The responses to these demands have been reflected in various national policies. Central to these discussions is whether the right to vote, as enshrined in the ICCPR and various national constitutions, extends beyond borders. This article critically examines the feasibility of implementing overseas voting as a policy option for Jamaica. The research addresses issues of sovereignty, citizenship, and the role and rights of the diaspora in contemporary international relations.
Journal article
Overseas voting: The case of Jamaica Nuh wey nuh betta than yard
174
https://revistas.uexternado.edu.co/index.php/opera/article/download/9979/16932
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2024-11-25T15:27:28Z
2024-11-25
1657-8651
2346-2159
https://doi.org/10.18601/16578651.n36.08
153
10.18601/16578651.n36.08
institution UNIVERSIDAD EXTERNADO DE COLOMBIA
thumbnail https://nuevo.metarevistas.org/UNIVERSIDADEXTERNADODECOLOMBIA/logo.png
country_str Colombia
collection Opera
title Overseas voting: The case of Jamaica Nuh wey nuh betta than yard
spellingShingle Overseas voting: The case of Jamaica Nuh wey nuh betta than yard
Vasciannie, Lisa
Jamaica
voto en el extranjero;
elecciones;
soberanía;
diaspora;
sovereignty;
Diaspora;
elections;
overseas voting;
Jamaica
title_short Overseas voting: The case of Jamaica Nuh wey nuh betta than yard
title_full Overseas voting: The case of Jamaica Nuh wey nuh betta than yard
title_fullStr Overseas voting: The case of Jamaica Nuh wey nuh betta than yard
title_full_unstemmed Overseas voting: The case of Jamaica Nuh wey nuh betta than yard
title_sort overseas voting: the case of jamaica nuh wey nuh betta than yard
title_eng Overseas voting: The case of Jamaica Nuh wey nuh betta than yard
description Este articulo aborda las perspectivas de permitir a los jamaiquinos residentes en el extranjero votar en las elecciones de su país de origen. Esta cuestión ha surgido en dos frentes: en el contexto nacional y en el discurso académico y político internacional. El Pacto Internacional de Derechos Civiles y Políticos (PIDCP) afirma el derecho de los ciudadanos “a elegir y ser elegidos en elecciones auténticas y periódicas”. En debates recientes se ha cuestionado la aplicación de estos derechos en Jamaica. En ese sentido, esta investigación indaga si los ciudadanos jamaiquinos residentes en el extranjero tienen derecho a votar en las elecciones de Jamaica desde el extranjero y, en caso afirmativo, en que condiciones lo pueden hacer. A nivel nacional, desde la diaspora se han hecho llamados a los dos principales partidos políticos, el Partido Laborista de Jamaica (JLP) y el Partido Nacional del Pueblo (PNP), para que permitan el derecho de voto a los jamaiquinos residentes en el extranjero. Las respuestas a estas demandas se han reflejado en diversas políticas nacionales. Un aspecto central de estos debates es si el derecho al voto, consagrado en el PIDCP y en varias constituciones nacionales, se extiende más allá de las fronteras. Este articulo examina críticamente la viabilidad de implantar el voto en el extranjero como opción política para Jamaica. La investigación aborda cuestiones de soberanía, ciudadanía y el papel y los derechos de la diaspora en las relaciones internacionales contemporáneas.
description_eng This paper examines the prospects of enabling Jamaicans living abroad to vote in Jamaica’s elections. This issue has surfaced on two fronts: within the national context and in international academic and policymaking discourse. The International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR) affirms the right of citizens “to vote and to be elected at genuine and periodic elections.” Recent discussions have questioned the application of these rights in Jamaica. This research investigates whether Jamaican citizens living overseas have the right to vote in Jamaican elections from abroad, and if so, under what conditions. Nationally, there have been calls from the diaspora for both major political parties, the Jamaica Labour Party (JLP) and the People’s National Party (PNP), to allow voting rights for Jamaicans living abroad. The responses to these demands have been reflected in various national policies. Central to these discussions is whether the right to vote, as enshrined in the ICCPR and various national constitutions, extends beyond borders. This article critically examines the feasibility of implementing overseas voting as a policy option for Jamaica. The research addresses issues of sovereignty, citizenship, and the role and rights of the diaspora in contemporary international relations.
author Vasciannie, Lisa
author_facet Vasciannie, Lisa
topicspa_str_mv Jamaica
voto en el extranjero;
elecciones;
soberanía;
diaspora;
topic Jamaica
voto en el extranjero;
elecciones;
soberanía;
diaspora;
sovereignty;
Diaspora;
elections;
overseas voting;
Jamaica
topic_facet Jamaica
voto en el extranjero;
elecciones;
soberanía;
diaspora;
sovereignty;
Diaspora;
elections;
overseas voting;
Jamaica
citationissue 36
citationedition Núm. 36 , Año 2025 : Enero-Junio
publisher Facultad de Finanzas, Gobierno y Relaciones Internacionales
ispartofjournal Opera
source https://revistas.uexternado.edu.co/index.php/opera/article/view/9979
language Español
format Article
rights http://purl.org/coar/access_right/c_abf2
info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess
http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Esta obra está bajo una licencia internacional Creative Commons Atribución-NoComercial-CompartirIgual 4.0.
Lisa Vasciannie - 2024
references Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Foreign Trade (2015). National Diaspora Policy. Background, Policy Process, Principles, Goals, Outcomes and Actions. Draft. http://www.jhcottawa.ca/ESW/Files/DIASPORA_POLICY_BRIEF_dated_june_2015.pdf
Organization of American States (2021). Election observation mission to Bahamas: Preliminary report. https://www.oas.org/documents/eng/press/EOM-Bahamas-2021-Preliminary-Report.pdf
Organization of American States (1969). American Convention On Human Rights “Pact of San Jose, Costa Rica”. https://www.oas.org/dil/access_to_information_American_Convention_on_Human_Rights.pdf
Orane, D. (2002, December 8). Confronting issues in Jamaica. The Sunday Gleaner. https://gleaner.newspaperarchive.com/kingston-gleaner/2002-12-08/page-86/
Nohlen, D., and Grotz, F. The legal framework and an overview of electoral legislation. In Ellis, A., et al. (Eds.). Voting from Abroad The International IDEA Handbook. Voting from Abroad: The International IDEA Handbook. Sweden: International IDEA.
Ni Mhurchu, A. (2014). Exploring the citizenship debate: The sovereign citizen-subject. In Ambiguous citizenship in an age of global migration (pp.27–57). Edinburgh University Press.
Nicholson, A. J. (2015, June 16). Government gives serious thought. Jamaica Gleaner. https://jamaica-gleaner.com/article/news/20150616/government-gives-serious-thought-allowingoverseas-nationals-vote
Nettleford, R. (1971). Manley and the politics of Jamaica: towards an analysis of political change in Jamaica 1938-1968. Social and Economic Studies, 20(3), 1-72. http://www.jstor.org/stable/27856493
Munroe, T. (1999, February 9). Understanding Jamaica’s current crisis. The Gleaner. https://gleaner.newspaperarchive.com/kingston-gleaner/1999-02-09/page-18/
Mundle, T. (2022, January 10). Government to review two-thirds majority SOE voting bar. Jamaica Gleaner. https://jamaica-gleaner.com/article/lead-stories/20220110/govt-review-two-thirdsmajority-soe-voting-bar
Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Foreign Trade. (2022). National Diaspora Policy. https://mfaft.gov.jm/site/wp-content/uploads/2019/03/National-Diaspora-Policy-1.pdf
Lopez, B. (2003, March 23). Transparency and accountability in government expenditure. The Gleaner. https://gleaner.newspaperarchive.com/kingstongleaner/2003-03-23/page-78/
Palop-Garcia, P., and Pedroza, L. (2017). Beyond convergence: Unveiling variations of external franchise in Latin America and the Caribbean from 1950 to 2015. Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, 43(9), 1597-1616. https://doi.org/10.1080/1369183X.2016.1234932
Jack, W., and Lagunoff, R. (2006). Dynamic enfranchisement. Journal of Public Economics, 90(4-5), 551–572. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpubeco.2005.05.003
Kapur, D., and McHale, J. (2003). Migration’s new payoff. Foreign Policy, 139, 49-57. https://doi.org/10.2307/3183737
Jones, A. H. M. (1955). The elections under Augustus. The Journal of Roman Studies, 45, 9-21. https://doi.org/10.2307/298739
Jamaica Information Service (2006, April 20). Voting rights for overseas Jamaicans not on govt’s agenda. https://jis.gov.jm/voting-rights-for-overseasjamaicans-not-on-govts-agenda/
International Foundation for Electoral Systems (IFES) (1998). Technical assessment: Electronic registration and voting system, Jamaica. https://www.ifes.org/publications/technical-assessment-electronic-registration-and-voting-system-jamaica
Hutcheson, D. S., and Arrighi, J. -T. (2015) “Keeping Pandora’s (ballot) box half-shut”: A comparative inquiry into the institutional limits of external voting in EU Member States. Democratization, 22(5), 884-905. DOI: 10.1080/13510347.2014.979161
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