Economic and Soft Power Component of India’s City Diplomacy: With Special Reference to Mumbai and Kolkata
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Economic and Soft Power Component of India’s City Diplomacy: With Special Reference to Mumbai and Kolkata
.

Sumario:

Las ciudades costeras de la India han jugado un papel fundamental en las relaciones inter­nacionales a través de la cultura, el comercio y la conectividad desde el pasado lejano. En los tiempos modernos, las ciudades costeras como Mumbai (antes Bombay) en la costa arábiga y Kolkata (antes Calcuta) en la bahía de Bengala han sido actores activos en los asuntos inter­nacionales. Si bien Mumbai ha sido el centro del comercio internacional, Kolkata ha sido el punto de unión de la bonhomía cultural con Bangladesh y los países del sudeste asiático, que ganó más fuerza debido a los movimientos transfronterizos de tecnología, información, educación, comercio y finanzas, y herramien­tas artísticas reforzadas por la Nueva Política Económica que comen... Ver más

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1657-7558

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Nayak, Lulubala

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2023-06-29

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nueva política económica;

política de coalición;

federalismo;

comercio;

cultura;

conectividad

Lulubala Nayak - 2023

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spelling Economic and Soft Power Component of India’s City Diplomacy: With Special Reference to Mumbai and Kolkata
Economic and Soft Power Component of India’s City Diplomacy: With Special Reference to Mumbai and Kolkata
Las ciudades costeras de la India han jugado un papel fundamental en las relaciones inter­nacionales a través de la cultura, el comercio y la conectividad desde el pasado lejano. En los tiempos modernos, las ciudades costeras como Mumbai (antes Bombay) en la costa arábiga y Kolkata (antes Calcuta) en la bahía de Bengala han sido actores activos en los asuntos inter­nacionales. Si bien Mumbai ha sido el centro del comercio internacional, Kolkata ha sido el punto de unión de la bonhomía cultural con Bangladesh y los países del sudeste asiático, que ganó más fuerza debido a los movimientos transfronterizos de tecnología, información, educación, comercio y finanzas, y herramien­tas artísticas reforzadas por la Nueva Política Económica que comenzó a principios de los años noventa. Los estados indios y las ciudades metropolitanas están mejorando su posición en los asuntos internacionales con ganancias tangibles. Mumbai se conoce como la capital financiera de la India y la sede de grandes casas comerciales y organizaciones financieras glo­bales. Del mismo modo, Kolkata es conocida como la capital cultural de la India (Sri Auro­bindo, Tagore, Shanti Niketan, arte y cultura popular bengalí, etc.) y un destino para turis­tas, artistas e investigadores extranjeros. Este artículo examina el crecimiento y el impacto de la diplomacia de las ciudades en la India a tra­vés del prisma del federalismo en la promoción de los intereses locales en la política interna­cional. Intenta evaluar el papel de las ciudades indias desde una perspectiva comparativa en la conducción de la diplomacia de la ciudad a partir de los aspectos económicos y culturales.
India’s coastal cities have been playing a pivotal role in international relations through culture, commerce, and connectivity since the hoary past. In modern times, coastal cities such as Mumbai (formerly Bombay) on the Arabian Coast and Kolkata (formerly Calcutta) on the Bay of Bengal have been active actors in international affairs. While Mumbai has been the hub of international trade and commerce, Kolkata has been the junction of cultural bonhomie with Bangladesh and Southeast Asian countries, which gained more traction due to cross-border movements of technology, information, education, trade and finance, and artistic tools bolstered by the New Economic Policy beginning in the early 1990s. Indian states and metropolitan cities are enhancing their positions in international affairs with tangible gains. Mumbai is referred to as India’s financial capital and the home to the headquarters of great global business houses and financial organisations. Similarly, Kolkata is known as the cultural capital of India (Sri Aurobindo, Tagore, Shanti Niketan, Bengali folk art and culture etc.) and a destination for foreign tourists, artists and curious researchers. This paper examines the growth and impact of city diplomacy in India through the prism of federalism in advancing local interests in international politics. It attempts to assess the role of Indian cities from a comparative per­spective in the conduct of city diplomacy from economic and cultural aspects.
Nayak, Lulubala
New economic policy;
coalition politics;
federalism;
commerce;
culture;
connectivity
nueva política económica;
política de coalición;
federalismo;
comercio;
cultura;
conectividad
38
Núm. 38 , Año 2023 : Julio-Diciembre
Artículo de revista
Journal article
2023-06-29T12:36:36Z
2023-06-29T12:36:36Z
2023-06-29
application/pdf
text/html
text/xml
Facultad de Finanzas, Gobierno y Relaciones Internacionales
Oasis
1657-7558
2346-2132
https://revistas.uexternado.edu.co/index.php/oasis/article/view/8866
10.18601/16577558.n38.07
https://doi.org/10.18601/16577558.n38.07
spa
http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Lulubala Nayak - 2023
Esta obra está bajo una licencia internacional Creative Commons Atribución-NoComercial-CompartirIgual 4.0.
119
136
Acuto, M. (2013). World politics by other means? London, city diplomacy and the Olympics. The Hague Journal of Diplomacy, 8(3-4), 287-311. doi:doi:1 0.1163/1871191x-12341255
Acuto, M., Kosovac, A., & Hartley, K. (2021). City diplomacy: Another generational shift? Diplomatica: A Journal of Diplomacy and Society, 3(1), 137-146. doi:10.1163/25891774-03010007
Amoils, A. (2022, September 13). The 20 wealthiest cities in the world for 2022. New World Wealth. https://www.henleyglobal.com/publications/ henley-global-citizens-report/2022-q3/global-insights/20-wealthiest-cities-world-2022
Asthana, A., & Happymon, J. (2017). The growing power of states in India’s foreign policy. International Negotiation, 317-343.
Basu, P., & Bhowmick, S. (2021, April 22). As India acts East, the role of West Bengal. Observer Research Foundation. file:///C:/Users/silun/OneDrive/ Desktop/PhD%20Viva/Thesis/1500116005_doc_thesis_document%20word%20file%20 %20final.pdf
Bhowmick, S., & Basu, P. (2021, April 24). Reimagining Kolkata: Driving diplomacy and growth in the east. Observer Research Foundation. https://www. orfonline.org/expert-speak/reimagining-kolkata-driving-diplomacy-and-growth-in-the-east/
Birch, E. L. (2016, October n.d. No. 3 Vol. LIII). UN Chronicle. www.un.org. https://www.un.org/en/ chronicle/article/new-urban-agendas-road-map-planning-urban-spatial-development-tangible-manageable-and-measurable
Bose, M. (2021, October 05). Mumbai women to fight climate change under new initiative. Deccan Herald. https://www.deccanherald.com/national/ west/mumbai-women-to-fight-climate-change-under-new-initiative-1037584.html
Business Standard (2015, July 28). West Bengal and Britain sign 21 MoUs. Retrieved from Business Standard: https://www.business-standard.com/ amp/article/pti-stories/west-bengal-and-britain-sign-21-mous-15072800025_1.html
Chatterji, R., & Saha, S. (2017). Para-diplomacy: Concept and the context. India Quarterly, 375-394.
Chaudhury, J. (1993). Federalism & the siamese twins: diversity & entropy in India’s domestic and foreign policy. International Journal of Ethnic Tension &Nationalism, 48(03), 448-469.
Choudhury, R. R. (2019, January 26). India to host global culinary competition for young chefs. Retrieved from The sunday guardian: https://sundayguardi-anlive.com/lifestyle/india-host-global-culinary-competition-young-chefs
Department for Promotion of Industry and Internal Trade (DPIIT). (2022, June n.d). Fact sheet on Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) inflow from April, 2000 to June, 2022. Department for Promotion of Industry and Internal Trade (DPIIT). https:// dpiit.gov.in/sites/default/files/FDI_Factsheet_ June_2022.pdf
Dhawan, R. K. (2019). Korea’s para-diplomacy with states in India: An analysis of the ‘Caravan Events’. Strategic Analysis, 1-13.
Dutta, R. (2016, May 03). Biswa Bangla to present ‘Heritage arts and crafts of West Bengal’ exhibition in the UK. Asian Voice. https://www. asian-voice.com/Culture/Art/Biswa-Bangla-to-present-%27Heritage-Arts-and-Crafts-of-West- Bengal%27-exhibition-in
Eyssallenne, J. G. (2022, June 14). Mumbai, where Indian ocean diasporas and cosmopolitanisms meet. daily. jstor.org. https://daily.jstor.org/mumbai-indian-ocean-diasporas-cosmpolitanisms-meet/
Get Bengal (2021, August 11). Season’s tallest Durga idol sets sail for USA. www.getbengal.com. https:// www.getbengal.com/details/seasons-tallest-durga-idol-sets-sail-for-usa
Global Power City Index (2022). Global Power City Index Report 2021. Institute for Urban Strategies.
Grandi, L. K. (2020). City diplomacy. Springer Nature. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-60717-3
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Hazra, A. (2020, April 27). Bengal: The pivot for Act East policy. The Geopolitics. https://thegeopolitics. com/bengal-the-pivot-for-act-east-policy/
Hindustan Times. (2022, March 06). BMC plans ‘sister city square’ to celebrate Mumbai’s bond with its 15 sister cities. Hindustan Times. https://www.hindu-stantimes.com/cities/mumbai-news/bmc-plans-sister-city-square-to-celebrate-mumbai-s-bond-with-its-15-sister-cities-101646579820018.html
Kelley, J. R. (2010). The new diplomacy: Evolution of a revolution. Diplomacy & Statecraft, 21(2), 286-305.
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Leffel, B. (2018). Animus of the underling: Theorizing city diplomacy in a world society. The Hague Journal of Diplomacy, 13(4), 502-522. https://doi. org/10.1163/1871191X-13040025
Ma, R. (2014, February 05). Domestic politics and India’s foreign policy making in the Sino- Indian territorial dispute. Journal of Asian Public Policy, 07(01), 102-113.
Maini, T. S. (2018). Increasing Role of Provinces in India’s Foreign Policy. In S. Ragi, S. Sodhi, & V. Pathak, Imagining India as a global power: pros¬pects and challenges. Routledge Taylor & Francis Group.
Malone. (2011). Soft power in Indian foreign policy. , Vol. Economic and Political Weekly, 46(36), 35-39
Mankikar, K. A. (2021, January 28). Paradiplomacy is key for Mumbai to realise full potential. Observer Research Foundation. https://www.orfonline.org/ expert-speak/paradiplomacy-key-mumbai-realise-full-otential/#:~:text=Paradiplomacy%20and%20leveraging%20links%20with%20 other%20cities%20is,was%20enriched%20t-hrough%20its%20links%20to%20the%20 world.
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https://revistas.uexternado.edu.co/index.php/oasis/article/download/8866/14662
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title Economic and Soft Power Component of India’s City Diplomacy: With Special Reference to Mumbai and Kolkata
spellingShingle Economic and Soft Power Component of India’s City Diplomacy: With Special Reference to Mumbai and Kolkata
Nayak, Lulubala
New economic policy;
coalition politics;
federalism;
commerce;
culture;
connectivity
nueva política económica;
política de coalición;
federalismo;
comercio;
cultura;
conectividad
title_short Economic and Soft Power Component of India’s City Diplomacy: With Special Reference to Mumbai and Kolkata
title_full Economic and Soft Power Component of India’s City Diplomacy: With Special Reference to Mumbai and Kolkata
title_fullStr Economic and Soft Power Component of India’s City Diplomacy: With Special Reference to Mumbai and Kolkata
title_full_unstemmed Economic and Soft Power Component of India’s City Diplomacy: With Special Reference to Mumbai and Kolkata
title_sort economic and soft power component of india’s city diplomacy: with special reference to mumbai and kolkata
title_eng Economic and Soft Power Component of India’s City Diplomacy: With Special Reference to Mumbai and Kolkata
description Las ciudades costeras de la India han jugado un papel fundamental en las relaciones inter­nacionales a través de la cultura, el comercio y la conectividad desde el pasado lejano. En los tiempos modernos, las ciudades costeras como Mumbai (antes Bombay) en la costa arábiga y Kolkata (antes Calcuta) en la bahía de Bengala han sido actores activos en los asuntos inter­nacionales. Si bien Mumbai ha sido el centro del comercio internacional, Kolkata ha sido el punto de unión de la bonhomía cultural con Bangladesh y los países del sudeste asiático, que ganó más fuerza debido a los movimientos transfronterizos de tecnología, información, educación, comercio y finanzas, y herramien­tas artísticas reforzadas por la Nueva Política Económica que comenzó a principios de los años noventa. Los estados indios y las ciudades metropolitanas están mejorando su posición en los asuntos internacionales con ganancias tangibles. Mumbai se conoce como la capital financiera de la India y la sede de grandes casas comerciales y organizaciones financieras glo­bales. Del mismo modo, Kolkata es conocida como la capital cultural de la India (Sri Auro­bindo, Tagore, Shanti Niketan, arte y cultura popular bengalí, etc.) y un destino para turis­tas, artistas e investigadores extranjeros. Este artículo examina el crecimiento y el impacto de la diplomacia de las ciudades en la India a tra­vés del prisma del federalismo en la promoción de los intereses locales en la política interna­cional. Intenta evaluar el papel de las ciudades indias desde una perspectiva comparativa en la conducción de la diplomacia de la ciudad a partir de los aspectos económicos y culturales.
description_eng India’s coastal cities have been playing a pivotal role in international relations through culture, commerce, and connectivity since the hoary past. In modern times, coastal cities such as Mumbai (formerly Bombay) on the Arabian Coast and Kolkata (formerly Calcutta) on the Bay of Bengal have been active actors in international affairs. While Mumbai has been the hub of international trade and commerce, Kolkata has been the junction of cultural bonhomie with Bangladesh and Southeast Asian countries, which gained more traction due to cross-border movements of technology, information, education, trade and finance, and artistic tools bolstered by the New Economic Policy beginning in the early 1990s. Indian states and metropolitan cities are enhancing their positions in international affairs with tangible gains. Mumbai is referred to as India’s financial capital and the home to the headquarters of great global business houses and financial organisations. Similarly, Kolkata is known as the cultural capital of India (Sri Aurobindo, Tagore, Shanti Niketan, Bengali folk art and culture etc.) and a destination for foreign tourists, artists and curious researchers. This paper examines the growth and impact of city diplomacy in India through the prism of federalism in advancing local interests in international politics. It attempts to assess the role of Indian cities from a comparative per­spective in the conduct of city diplomacy from economic and cultural aspects.
author Nayak, Lulubala
author_facet Nayak, Lulubala
topic New economic policy;
coalition politics;
federalism;
commerce;
culture;
connectivity
nueva política económica;
política de coalición;
federalismo;
comercio;
cultura;
conectividad
topic_facet New economic policy;
coalition politics;
federalism;
commerce;
culture;
connectivity
nueva política económica;
política de coalición;
federalismo;
comercio;
cultura;
conectividad
topicspa_str_mv nueva política económica;
política de coalición;
federalismo;
comercio;
cultura;
conectividad
citationissue 38
citationedition Núm. 38 , Año 2023 : Julio-Diciembre
publisher Facultad de Finanzas, Gobierno y Relaciones Internacionales
ispartofjournal Oasis
source https://revistas.uexternado.edu.co/index.php/oasis/article/view/8866
language spa
format Article
rights http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Lulubala Nayak - 2023
Esta obra está bajo una licencia internacional Creative Commons Atribución-NoComercial-CompartirIgual 4.0.
info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess
http://purl.org/coar/access_right/c_abf2
references Acuto, M. (2013). World politics by other means? London, city diplomacy and the Olympics. The Hague Journal of Diplomacy, 8(3-4), 287-311. doi:doi:1 0.1163/1871191x-12341255
Acuto, M., Kosovac, A., & Hartley, K. (2021). City diplomacy: Another generational shift? Diplomatica: A Journal of Diplomacy and Society, 3(1), 137-146. doi:10.1163/25891774-03010007
Amoils, A. (2022, September 13). The 20 wealthiest cities in the world for 2022. New World Wealth. https://www.henleyglobal.com/publications/ henley-global-citizens-report/2022-q3/global-insights/20-wealthiest-cities-world-2022
Asthana, A., & Happymon, J. (2017). The growing power of states in India’s foreign policy. International Negotiation, 317-343.
Basu, P., & Bhowmick, S. (2021, April 22). As India acts East, the role of West Bengal. Observer Research Foundation. file:///C:/Users/silun/OneDrive/ Desktop/PhD%20Viva/Thesis/1500116005_doc_thesis_document%20word%20file%20 %20final.pdf
Bhowmick, S., & Basu, P. (2021, April 24). Reimagining Kolkata: Driving diplomacy and growth in the east. Observer Research Foundation. https://www. orfonline.org/expert-speak/reimagining-kolkata-driving-diplomacy-and-growth-in-the-east/
Birch, E. L. (2016, October n.d. No. 3 Vol. LIII). UN Chronicle. www.un.org. https://www.un.org/en/ chronicle/article/new-urban-agendas-road-map-planning-urban-spatial-development-tangible-manageable-and-measurable
Bose, M. (2021, October 05). Mumbai women to fight climate change under new initiative. Deccan Herald. https://www.deccanherald.com/national/ west/mumbai-women-to-fight-climate-change-under-new-initiative-1037584.html
Business Standard (2015, July 28). West Bengal and Britain sign 21 MoUs. Retrieved from Business Standard: https://www.business-standard.com/ amp/article/pti-stories/west-bengal-and-britain-sign-21-mous-15072800025_1.html
Chatterji, R., & Saha, S. (2017). Para-diplomacy: Concept and the context. India Quarterly, 375-394.
Chaudhury, J. (1993). Federalism & the siamese twins: diversity & entropy in India’s domestic and foreign policy. International Journal of Ethnic Tension &Nationalism, 48(03), 448-469.
Choudhury, R. R. (2019, January 26). India to host global culinary competition for young chefs. Retrieved from The sunday guardian: https://sundayguardi-anlive.com/lifestyle/india-host-global-culinary-competition-young-chefs
Department for Promotion of Industry and Internal Trade (DPIIT). (2022, June n.d). Fact sheet on Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) inflow from April, 2000 to June, 2022. Department for Promotion of Industry and Internal Trade (DPIIT). https:// dpiit.gov.in/sites/default/files/FDI_Factsheet_ June_2022.pdf
Dhawan, R. K. (2019). Korea’s para-diplomacy with states in India: An analysis of the ‘Caravan Events’. Strategic Analysis, 1-13.
Dutta, R. (2016, May 03). Biswa Bangla to present ‘Heritage arts and crafts of West Bengal’ exhibition in the UK. Asian Voice. https://www. asian-voice.com/Culture/Art/Biswa-Bangla-to-present-%27Heritage-Arts-and-Crafts-of-West- Bengal%27-exhibition-in
Eyssallenne, J. G. (2022, June 14). Mumbai, where Indian ocean diasporas and cosmopolitanisms meet. daily. jstor.org. https://daily.jstor.org/mumbai-indian-ocean-diasporas-cosmpolitanisms-meet/
Get Bengal (2021, August 11). Season’s tallest Durga idol sets sail for USA. www.getbengal.com. https:// www.getbengal.com/details/seasons-tallest-durga-idol-sets-sail-for-usa
Global Power City Index (2022). Global Power City Index Report 2021. Institute for Urban Strategies.
Grandi, L. K. (2020). City diplomacy. Springer Nature. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-60717-3
Hazarika, O. B. (2014). Evolving dynamics of federalism and foreign policy. Engagement of Indian states in external affairs. Indian Foreign Affairs Journal, 33-45.
Hazra, A. (2020, April 27). Bengal: The pivot for Act East policy. The Geopolitics. https://thegeopolitics. com/bengal-the-pivot-for-act-east-policy/
Hindustan Times. (2022, March 06). BMC plans ‘sister city square’ to celebrate Mumbai’s bond with its 15 sister cities. Hindustan Times. https://www.hindu-stantimes.com/cities/mumbai-news/bmc-plans-sister-city-square-to-celebrate-mumbai-s-bond-with-its-15-sister-cities-101646579820018.html
Kelley, J. R. (2010). The new diplomacy: Evolution of a revolution. Diplomacy & Statecraft, 21(2), 286-305.
Kumar, K. (2018, May 24). Dead end for Mumbai’s International Finance Centre dream. The Economic Timeshttps://economictimes.indiatimes.com/ news/economy/infrastructure/dead-end-for-mumbais-international-finance-centre-dream/ articleshow/64297769.cms
Leffel, B. (2018). Animus of the underling: Theorizing city diplomacy in a world society. The Hague Journal of Diplomacy, 13(4), 502-522. https://doi. org/10.1163/1871191X-13040025
Ma, R. (2014, February 05). Domestic politics and India’s foreign policy making in the Sino- Indian territorial dispute. Journal of Asian Public Policy, 07(01), 102-113.
Maini, T. S. (2018). Increasing Role of Provinces in India’s Foreign Policy. In S. Ragi, S. Sodhi, & V. Pathak, Imagining India as a global power: pros¬pects and challenges. Routledge Taylor & Francis Group.
Malone. (2011). Soft power in Indian foreign policy. , Vol. Economic and Political Weekly, 46(36), 35-39
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