Titulo:
Efectos agudos de la restricción, choque y entrenamiento en el laberinto elevado en T en los sistemas de noradrenalina y serotonina en la corteza prefrontal.
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Sumario:
La corteza prefrontal (CPF) participa en las funciones cognitivas y la regulación del estrés. Las concentraciones de noradrenalina (NA) y serotonina (5-HT) en algunas regiones en el sistema nervioso central son modificadas por el estrés agudo. El efecto depende del estresor y del tiempo que transcurra entre el estresor y la evaluación. El objetivo del presente estudio fue evaluar el efecto agudo de diferentes estresores en la actividad de la NA y 5-HT en la CPF y su relación con los niveles de corticosterona. Grupos independientes de ratas (250-270 g) fueron sometidos a restricción, choque o entrenamiento en el laberinto elevado en T (ELET). Los animales fueron sacrificados inmediatamente (T0) o una hora (T1) después de la exposición al est... Ver más
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2014-07-01
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Norma Laura García Saldíva - 2014
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Efectos agudos de la restricción, choque y entrenamiento en el laberinto elevado en T en los sistemas de noradrenalina y serotonina en la corteza prefrontal. Acute effects of restraint, shock and training in the elevated T-Maze on noradrenaline and serotonin systems of the prefrontal cortex. La corteza prefrontal (CPF) participa en las funciones cognitivas y la regulación del estrés. Las concentraciones de noradrenalina (NA) y serotonina (5-HT) en algunas regiones en el sistema nervioso central son modificadas por el estrés agudo. El efecto depende del estresor y del tiempo que transcurra entre el estresor y la evaluación. El objetivo del presente estudio fue evaluar el efecto agudo de diferentes estresores en la actividad de la NA y 5-HT en la CPF y su relación con los niveles de corticosterona. Grupos independientes de ratas (250-270 g) fueron sometidos a restricción, choque o entrenamiento en el laberinto elevado en T (ELET). Los animales fueron sacrificados inmediatamente (T0) o una hora (T1) después de la exposición al estrés. Un grupo no tratado, sacrificado al mismo tiempo que los animales tratados, se incluyó como control. Las muestras de la CPF fueron disecadas y la concentración de NA, 5-HT y sus metabolitos fue detectada por la técnica de HPLC. Las concentraciones de corticosterona fueron medidas en el suero. Ninguno de los tratamientos modificó las concentraciones de NA en la CPF. Al T0 los animales expuestos a choque o al ELET mostraron concentraciones de 5-HT significativamente mayores que el control. Los tratamientos de restricción y choque estuvieron asociados con altas concentraciones de corticosterona al T0 y a T1 después del tratamiento respectivo. En conjunto, los resultados mostraron que en la CPF los sistemas noradrenérgico y serotonérgico y la concentración de corticosterona responden en forma diferente a los distintos estresores. The prefrontal cortex (PFC) participates in cognitive functions and stress regulation. Noradrenaline (NA) and serotonin (5-HT) levels in some regions of the central nervous system are modified by acute stress. The effects depend on the type of stressor and the time elapsed between the presence of the stressor and the assessment. The aims of the present study were to assess the acute effect of different stressors on NA and 5-HT activities in the PFC and its relation with corticosterone levels. Independent groups of male Wistar rats (250-280 g) were submitted to restraint, footshock or training in the elevated T-maze (ETMT). The animals were sacrificed immediately (T0) or one hour (T1) after stress exposure. An untreated group sacrificed concurrently with treated animals was included as control. Samples of the PFC were dissected and the concentration of NA, 5-HT and their metabolites were measured by HPLC. Corticosterone levels were measured in serum. None of the treatments modified NA levels in the PFC. Animals exposed to footshock or ETMT showed significantly higher concentrations of 5-HT at T0. Restraint and footshock treatments were associated with higher corticosterone levels at T0 and T1 after the respective treatment. Taken together the results show that in the PFC, the noradrenergic and serotonergic systems, and the corticosterone levels respond in different ways to different stressors. García Saldívar, Norma Laura Reyes González López, María Monroy, Juana Domínguez, Roberto Cruz Morales, Sara Eugenia Stressors Noradrenaline Serotonin Prefrontal cortex Corticosterona Estresores Noradrenalina Serotonina Corteza prefrontal Corticosterona 17 2 Artículo de revista Journal article 2014-07-01T00:00:00Z 2014-07-01T00:00:00Z 2014-07-01 application/pdf Universidad Católica de Colombia Acta Colombiana de Psicología 0123-9155 1909-9711 https://actacolombianapsicologia.ucatolica.edu.co/article/view/161 10.14718/ACP.2014.17.2.3 https://doi.org/10.14718/ACP.2014.17.2.3 eng https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/ Norma Laura García Saldíva - 2014 23 31 Adell, A., Casanovas, J. M. & Artigas, F. (1997). Comparative study in the rat of the actions of different types of stress on the release of 5-HT in raphe nuclei and forebrain areas. Neuropharmacology, 36 (4-5), 735-741. Adell, A., Trullas, R. & Gelpi, E. (1988). Time course of changes in serotonin and noradrenaline in rat brain after predictable or unpredictable shock. Brain Research, 459, 54-59. Amaral, V. C., Santos-Gomes, K. & Nunes-de-Souza, R. L. (2010). Increased corticosterone levels in mice subjected to the rat exposure test. Hormones & Behavior, 57 (2), 128-133. Armario, A., Montero, J. L. & Balasch, J. (1986). Sensitivity of corticosterone and some metabolic variables to graded levels of low intensity stresses in adult male rats. Physiology & Behavior, 37 (4), 559-561. Atkinson, H. C, Waddell, B. J. (1997). Circadian variation in basal plasma corticosterone and adrenocorticotropin in the rat: sexual dimorphism and changes across the estrous cycle. Endocrinology, 138 (9), 3842-3848. Bammer, G. (1982). Pharmacological investigations of neurotransmitter involvement in passive avoidance responding: A review and some new results. Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews, 6 (3), 247-296. Blanco, E., Castilla-Ortega, E., Miranda, R., Begega, A., Aguirre, J. A., Arias, J.L. & Santín, L. J. (2009). Effects of medial prefrontal cortex lesions on anxiety-like behaviour in restrained and non-restrained rats. Behavioral Brain Research, 201 (2), 338-342. Chaouloff, F. (2000). Serotonin, stress and corticoids. Journal of Psychopharmacology, 14, 139-151. Cruz Becerra, D. (2003). Efecto de la privación social en la agresión y la ansiedad de ratas machos Wistar. Acta Colombiana de Psicología, 9, 39-49. Cruz-Morales, S. E., García-Saldívar, N. L., González-López, M. R., Castillo-Roberto, G., Monroy, J. & Domínguez, R. (2008). Acute restriction impairs memory in the elevated T-maze (ETM) and modifies serotonergic activity in the dorsolateral striatum. Behavioral Brain Research, 19 (1), 187-191. Cruz-Morales, S. E., Durán-Arévalo, M. Díaz del Guante, M. A., Quirarte, G. L. & Prado-Alcalá, R. A. (1992). A threshold for the protective effect of over-reinforced passive avoidance against scopolaminutesutese-induced amnesia. Behavioral and Neural Biology, 57 (3), 256-259. De la Garza, R. & Mahoney, J. J. (2004). A distinct neurochemical profile in WKY rats at baseline and response, o acute stress: implications for animal models of anxiety and depression. Brain Research, 1021 (2), 209-218. Domínguez, R. & Cruz-Morales, S. E. (2011). The ovarian innervation participates in the regulation of ovarian functions. Endocrinology & Metabolic Syndrome. Retrieved April 28, 2014 from http://dx.doi.org/10.4172/2161-1017.S4-001 Domínguez, R., Cruz-Morales, S. E., Carvalho, M. C., Xavier, M. & Brandão, M. L. (2003a). Effect of steroid injection to newborn rats on serotonin activity in frontal cortex and raphe. Neuroreport, 14 (4), 597-599. Domínguez, R., Cruz-Morales, S. E., Carvalho, M. C., Xavier, M. & Brandão M. L. (2003b). Sex differences in serotonergic activity in dorsal and median raphe nucleus. Physiology & Behavior, 80 (2-3), 203-210. Dunn, A. J. & Swiergiel, A. H. (2008). The role of corticotropinreleasing factor and noradrenaline in stress-related responses, and the inter-relationships between the two systems. European Journal of Pharmacology, 583 (2-3), 186-193. Fan Y, Chen P, Li Y, Cui K, Noel DM, Cumminutesutess ED, Peterson DJ, Brown RW, Zhu MY. (2014). Corticosterone adminutesutesistration up-regulated expression of norepinephrine transporter and dopaminutesutese β-hydroxylase in rat locus coeruleus and its terminutesutesal regions. Journal of Neurochemistry, 128 (3), 445-458. Finlay, J. M., Zigmond, M. J. & Abercrombie, E. D. (1995). Increased dopaminutesutese and norepinephrine release in medial prefrontal cortex induced by acute and chronic stress: effects of diazepam. Neuroscience, 64 (3), 619-628. Fujino K, Yoshitake T, Inoue O, Ibii N, Kehr J, Ishida J, Nohta H. & Yamaguchi M. (2002). Increased serotonin release in mice frontal cortex and hippocampus induced by acute physiological stressors. Neuroscience Letters, 320, 91-95. Graeff, F. G., Viana, M. B. & Tomaz, C. (1993). The elevated T-maze, a new experimental model of anxiety and memory: effect of diazepam. Brazilian Journal of Medical and Biological Research, 26 (1), 67-70. Hendley, E. D., Burrows, G. H., Robinson, E. S., Heidenreich, K. A. & Bulman, C. A. (1977). Acute stress and the brain norepinephrine uptake mechanism in the rat. Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior, 6 (2), 197-202. Holmes, A. & Wellman, C. L. (2009). Stress induced prefrontal reorganization and executive dysfunction in rodents, Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews, 33 (6), 773-783. Iimori, K., Tanaka, M., Kohno, Y., Ida, Y., Nakagawa, R., Hoaki, Y., et. al, (1982). Psychological stress enhances noradrenaline turnover in specific brain regions in rats. Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior, 16 (4), 637-640. Inoue, T., Tsuchiya, K. & Koyama, T. (1994). Regional changes in dopaminutesutese and serotonin activation with various intensity of physical and psychological stress in the rat brain. Pharmacology, Biochemistry and Behavior, 49 (4), 911-920. Kant, G. J., Mougey, E. H., Pennington, L. L. & Meyerhoff, J. L. (1983). Graded shock stress elevates pituitary cyclic AMP and plasma beta-endorphin, beta-LPH corticosterone and prolactin. Life Sciences, 33 (26), 2657-2663. Kerdelhué, B., Bojda, F., Lesieur, P., Pasqualini, C., el Abed, A., enoir, V., et al, (1989). Median eminutesutesence dopaminutesutese and serotonin neuronal activity. Temporal relationship to preovulatory prolactin and luteinizing hormone surges. Neuroendocrinology, 49 (2), 176-180. Kirby, L. G., Chou-Green, J. M., Davis, K. & Lucki, I. (1997). The effects of different stressors on extracellular 5-hydroxytryptaminutesutese and 5-hydroxyindolacetic acid. Brain Research, 760 (1-2), 218-220. Kuhar, M.J., Minutesutesneman, K. & Muly, E.C. Catecholaminutesuteses. (2006). In G. J. Siegel, R. W. Albers, S.T., Brady and D.L. Price (Eds.). Basic Neurochemistry: Molecular, Cellular, and Medical Aspects 7th Edition, (pp. 211-225). Burlington, MA, Elsevier Academic Press. Kvetnansky, R., Sabban, E. L. & Palkovits, M. (2009). Catecholaminutesutesergic systems in stress: structural and molecular genetic approaches. Physiological Reviews, 89 (2), 535-606. Lucas, L. R., Wang, Ch., McCall, T. & McEwen, B. S. (2007). Effects of immobilization stress on neurochemical marks in the motivational system of the male rat. Brain Research, 1155, 108-115. Mannari, C., Origlia, N., Scatena, A., Del Debbio, A., Catena, M., Dell’agnello, G., Barraco, A., Giovannini, L., Dell’osso, L., Domenici, L., Piccinni, A. (2008). BDNF level in the rat prefrontal cortex increases following chronic but not acute treatment with duloxetine, a dual acting inhibitor of noradrenaline and serotonin re-uptake. Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology, 28 (3), 457-468. Mokler, D. J., Torres, O. I., Galler, J. R. & Morgane, P. J. (2007). Stress-induced changes in extracellular dopaminutesutese and serotonin in the medial prefrontal cortex and dorsal hippocampus of prenatally malnourished rats. Brain Research, 1148, 226-233. Myhrer, T. (2003). Neurotransmitter systems involved in learning and memory in the rat: a meta-analysis based on studies of four behavioral tasks. Brain Research Reviews, 41 (2-3), 268-287. Natelson, B. H., Tapp, W. N., Adamus, J. E., Mittler, J. C. & Levin, B. E. (1981). Humoral indices of stress in rats. Physiology & Behavior, 26 (6), 1049-1054. Pacak, K. & McCarty, R. (2000). Acute stress response: experimental. In G Fink (Ed.) Encyclopedia of stress (pp 8-17), San Diego: Academic Press. Pacák, K., Palkovits, M., Kvetnanský, R., Yadid, G., Kopin, I. J. & Goldstein, D. S. (1995). Effects of various stressors on in vivo norepinephrine release in the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus and on the pituitary-adrenocortical axis. Annual New York Academic Science, 771, 115-130. Pacák, K., Palkovits, M., Yadid, G., Kvetnansky, R., Kopin, I. J. & Goldstein, D. S. (1998). Heterogeneous neurochemical responses to different stressors: a test of Selye’s doctrine of nonspecificity. American Journal Physiology, 275 (4 Pt2), R1247-R1255. Pacák, K. & Palkovits, M. (2001). Stressor specificity of central neuroendocrine responses: Implications for stress-related disorders. Endocrine Reviews, 22 (4), 502-548. Paxinos, G, & Watson, C. (1997). The rat brain in stereotaxic coordinates (San Diego, CA/Academic Press). Rabasa, C., Muñoz-Abellán, C., Daviu, N., Nadal, R. & Armario, A. (2011). Repeated exposure to immobilization or two different shock intensities reveals differential adaptation of the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis. Physiology & Behavior, 103 (2), 125-133. Radley, J. J., Williams, B. & Sawchenko, P. E. (2008). Noradrenergic innervation of the dorsal medial prefrontal cortex modulates hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal responses to acute emotional stress. Journal of Neuroscience, 28 (22), 5806-5816. Robbins, T. W. & Roberts, A. C. (2007). Differential regulation of fronto-executive function by the monoaminutesuteses and acetylcholine. Cerebral Cortex, Suppl 1, 1151-1160. Sandi, C & Pinelo-Nava, M. T. (2007). Stress and memory: behavioral effects and neurobiological mechanisms, Neural Plasticity, 2007 Doi: 10.1155/2007/78970, 1-20. Shanks, N., Griffithst, J. & Anisman, H. (1994). Norepinephrine and serotonin alterations following chronic stressor exposure: mouse strain differences. Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior, 49 (1), 57-65. Shin, L. M. & Liberzon, I. (2010). The neurocircuitry of fear, stress, and anxiety disorders. Neuropsychopharmacology, 35 (1), 169-191. Shinba, T., Ozawa, N., Yoshii, M. & Yamamoto, K. (2010). Delayed increase of brain noradrenaline after acute shock stress in rats. Neurochemical Research, 35 (3), 412-417. Smith, D. G., Davis, R. J., Gehlert, D. R. & Nomikos, G. G. (2006.). Exposure to predator odor stress increases efflux of frontal cortex acetylcholine and monoaminutesuteses in mice: Comparison with immobilization stress and reversal by chlordiazepoxide. Brain Research, 1114, 24-30. Sudha, S. & Pradhan, N. (1995). Stress-Induced changes in regional monoaminutesutese metabolism and behavior in rats. Physiology & Behavior, 57 (6), 1061-1066. Swiergiel, A. H., Leskov, I. L. & Dunn, A. J. (2008) Effects of chronic and acute stressors and CRF on depression-like behavior in mice. Behavioral Brain Research, 186 (1), 32-40. Szafarczyk, A., Ixart, G., Gaillet, S., Siaud, P., Barbanel, G., Malaval, F. & Assenmacher, I. (1993). Stress. Neurophysiologic studies. Encephale, 19 (1), 137-142. Viana, M. B., Tomas, C. & Graeff, F. G. (1994). The elevated T-maze: a new animal model of anxiety and memory. Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior, 49 (3), 549-554. https://actacolombianapsicologia.ucatolica.edu.co/article/download/161/201 info:eu-repo/semantics/article http://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_6501 http://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_2df8fbb1 http://purl.org/redcol/resource_type/ART info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion http://purl.org/coar/version/c_970fb48d4fbd8a85 info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess http://purl.org/coar/access_right/c_abf2 Text Publication |
| institution |
UNIVERSIDAD CATÓLICA DE COLOMBIA |
| thumbnail |
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| country_str |
Colombia |
| collection |
Acta Colombiana de Psicología |
| title |
Efectos agudos de la restricción, choque y entrenamiento en el laberinto elevado en T en los sistemas de noradrenalina y serotonina en la corteza prefrontal. |
| spellingShingle |
Efectos agudos de la restricción, choque y entrenamiento en el laberinto elevado en T en los sistemas de noradrenalina y serotonina en la corteza prefrontal. García Saldívar, Norma Laura Reyes González López, María Monroy, Juana Domínguez, Roberto Cruz Morales, Sara Eugenia Stressors Noradrenaline Serotonin Prefrontal cortex Corticosterona Estresores Noradrenalina Serotonina Corteza prefrontal Corticosterona |
| title_short |
Efectos agudos de la restricción, choque y entrenamiento en el laberinto elevado en T en los sistemas de noradrenalina y serotonina en la corteza prefrontal. |
| title_full |
Efectos agudos de la restricción, choque y entrenamiento en el laberinto elevado en T en los sistemas de noradrenalina y serotonina en la corteza prefrontal. |
| title_fullStr |
Efectos agudos de la restricción, choque y entrenamiento en el laberinto elevado en T en los sistemas de noradrenalina y serotonina en la corteza prefrontal. |
| title_full_unstemmed |
Efectos agudos de la restricción, choque y entrenamiento en el laberinto elevado en T en los sistemas de noradrenalina y serotonina en la corteza prefrontal. |
| title_sort |
efectos agudos de la restricción, choque y entrenamiento en el laberinto elevado en t en los sistemas de noradrenalina y serotonina en la corteza prefrontal. |
| title_eng |
Acute effects of restraint, shock and training in the elevated T-Maze on noradrenaline and serotonin systems of the prefrontal cortex. |
| description |
La corteza prefrontal (CPF) participa en las funciones cognitivas y la regulación del estrés. Las concentraciones de noradrenalina (NA) y serotonina (5-HT) en algunas regiones en el sistema nervioso central son modificadas por el estrés agudo. El efecto depende del estresor y del tiempo que transcurra entre el estresor y la evaluación. El objetivo del presente estudio fue evaluar el efecto agudo de diferentes estresores en la actividad de la NA y 5-HT en la CPF y su relación con los niveles de corticosterona. Grupos independientes de ratas (250-270 g) fueron sometidos a restricción, choque o entrenamiento en el laberinto elevado en T (ELET). Los animales fueron sacrificados inmediatamente (T0) o una hora (T1) después de la exposición al estrés. Un grupo no tratado, sacrificado al mismo tiempo que los animales tratados, se incluyó como control. Las muestras de la CPF fueron disecadas y la concentración de NA, 5-HT y sus metabolitos fue detectada por la técnica de HPLC. Las concentraciones de corticosterona fueron medidas en el suero. Ninguno de los tratamientos modificó las concentraciones de NA en la CPF. Al T0 los animales expuestos a choque o al ELET mostraron concentraciones de 5-HT significativamente mayores que el control. Los tratamientos de restricción y choque estuvieron asociados con altas concentraciones de corticosterona al T0 y a T1 después del tratamiento respectivo. En conjunto, los resultados mostraron que en la CPF los sistemas noradrenérgico y serotonérgico y la concentración de corticosterona responden en forma diferente a los distintos estresores.
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| description_eng |
The prefrontal cortex (PFC) participates in cognitive functions and stress regulation. Noradrenaline (NA) and serotonin (5-HT) levels in some regions of the central nervous system are modified by acute stress. The effects depend on the type of stressor and the time elapsed between the presence of the stressor and the assessment. The aims of the present study were to assess the acute effect of different stressors on NA and 5-HT activities in the PFC and its relation with corticosterone levels. Independent groups of male Wistar rats (250-280 g) were submitted to restraint, footshock or training in the elevated T-maze (ETMT). The animals were sacrificed immediately (T0) or one hour (T1) after stress exposure. An untreated group sacrificed concurrently with treated animals was included as control. Samples of the PFC were dissected and the concentration of NA, 5-HT and their metabolites were measured by HPLC. Corticosterone levels were measured in serum. None of the treatments modified NA levels in the PFC. Animals exposed to footshock or ETMT showed significantly higher concentrations of 5-HT at T0. Restraint and footshock treatments were associated with higher corticosterone levels at T0 and T1 after the respective treatment. Taken together the results show that in the PFC, the noradrenergic and serotonergic systems, and the corticosterone levels respond in different ways to different stressors.
|
| author |
García Saldívar, Norma Laura Reyes González López, María Monroy, Juana Domínguez, Roberto Cruz Morales, Sara Eugenia |
| author_facet |
García Saldívar, Norma Laura Reyes González López, María Monroy, Juana Domínguez, Roberto Cruz Morales, Sara Eugenia |
| topic |
Stressors Noradrenaline Serotonin Prefrontal cortex Corticosterona Estresores Noradrenalina Serotonina Corteza prefrontal Corticosterona |
| topic_facet |
Stressors Noradrenaline Serotonin Prefrontal cortex Corticosterona Estresores Noradrenalina Serotonina Corteza prefrontal Corticosterona |
| topicspa_str_mv |
Estresores Noradrenalina Serotonina Corteza prefrontal Corticosterona |
| citationvolume |
17 |
| citationissue |
2 |
| publisher |
Universidad Católica de Colombia |
| ispartofjournal |
Acta Colombiana de Psicología |
| source |
https://actacolombianapsicologia.ucatolica.edu.co/article/view/161 |
| language |
eng |
| format |
Article |
| rights |
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/ Norma Laura García Saldíva - 2014 info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess http://purl.org/coar/access_right/c_abf2 |
| references_eng |
Adell, A., Casanovas, J. M. & Artigas, F. (1997). Comparative study in the rat of the actions of different types of stress on the release of 5-HT in raphe nuclei and forebrain areas. Neuropharmacology, 36 (4-5), 735-741. Adell, A., Trullas, R. & Gelpi, E. (1988). Time course of changes in serotonin and noradrenaline in rat brain after predictable or unpredictable shock. Brain Research, 459, 54-59. Amaral, V. C., Santos-Gomes, K. & Nunes-de-Souza, R. L. (2010). Increased corticosterone levels in mice subjected to the rat exposure test. Hormones & Behavior, 57 (2), 128-133. Armario, A., Montero, J. L. & Balasch, J. (1986). Sensitivity of corticosterone and some metabolic variables to graded levels of low intensity stresses in adult male rats. Physiology & Behavior, 37 (4), 559-561. Atkinson, H. C, Waddell, B. J. (1997). Circadian variation in basal plasma corticosterone and adrenocorticotropin in the rat: sexual dimorphism and changes across the estrous cycle. Endocrinology, 138 (9), 3842-3848. Bammer, G. (1982). Pharmacological investigations of neurotransmitter involvement in passive avoidance responding: A review and some new results. Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews, 6 (3), 247-296. Blanco, E., Castilla-Ortega, E., Miranda, R., Begega, A., Aguirre, J. A., Arias, J.L. & Santín, L. J. (2009). Effects of medial prefrontal cortex lesions on anxiety-like behaviour in restrained and non-restrained rats. Behavioral Brain Research, 201 (2), 338-342. Chaouloff, F. (2000). Serotonin, stress and corticoids. Journal of Psychopharmacology, 14, 139-151. Cruz Becerra, D. (2003). Efecto de la privación social en la agresión y la ansiedad de ratas machos Wistar. Acta Colombiana de Psicología, 9, 39-49. Cruz-Morales, S. E., García-Saldívar, N. L., González-López, M. R., Castillo-Roberto, G., Monroy, J. & Domínguez, R. (2008). Acute restriction impairs memory in the elevated T-maze (ETM) and modifies serotonergic activity in the dorsolateral striatum. Behavioral Brain Research, 19 (1), 187-191. Cruz-Morales, S. E., Durán-Arévalo, M. Díaz del Guante, M. A., Quirarte, G. L. & Prado-Alcalá, R. A. (1992). A threshold for the protective effect of over-reinforced passive avoidance against scopolaminutesutese-induced amnesia. Behavioral and Neural Biology, 57 (3), 256-259. De la Garza, R. & Mahoney, J. J. (2004). A distinct neurochemical profile in WKY rats at baseline and response, o acute stress: implications for animal models of anxiety and depression. Brain Research, 1021 (2), 209-218. Domínguez, R. & Cruz-Morales, S. E. (2011). The ovarian innervation participates in the regulation of ovarian functions. Endocrinology & Metabolic Syndrome. Retrieved April 28, 2014 from http://dx.doi.org/10.4172/2161-1017.S4-001 Domínguez, R., Cruz-Morales, S. E., Carvalho, M. C., Xavier, M. & Brandão, M. L. (2003a). Effect of steroid injection to newborn rats on serotonin activity in frontal cortex and raphe. Neuroreport, 14 (4), 597-599. Domínguez, R., Cruz-Morales, S. E., Carvalho, M. C., Xavier, M. & Brandão M. L. (2003b). Sex differences in serotonergic activity in dorsal and median raphe nucleus. Physiology & Behavior, 80 (2-3), 203-210. Dunn, A. J. & Swiergiel, A. H. (2008). The role of corticotropinreleasing factor and noradrenaline in stress-related responses, and the inter-relationships between the two systems. European Journal of Pharmacology, 583 (2-3), 186-193. Fan Y, Chen P, Li Y, Cui K, Noel DM, Cumminutesutess ED, Peterson DJ, Brown RW, Zhu MY. (2014). Corticosterone adminutesutesistration up-regulated expression of norepinephrine transporter and dopaminutesutese β-hydroxylase in rat locus coeruleus and its terminutesutesal regions. Journal of Neurochemistry, 128 (3), 445-458. Finlay, J. M., Zigmond, M. J. & Abercrombie, E. D. (1995). Increased dopaminutesutese and norepinephrine release in medial prefrontal cortex induced by acute and chronic stress: effects of diazepam. Neuroscience, 64 (3), 619-628. 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