Titulo:
Diez respuestas puntuales sobre neumonía adquirida en la comunidad en adultos
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2018-02-16
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José Gabriel Bustillo Pereira - 2018
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Diez respuestas puntuales sobre neumonía adquirida en la comunidad en adultos Diez respuestas puntuales sobre neumonía adquirida en la comunidad en adultos Bustillo Pereira, José Gabriel Neumonía Salud Registros médicos Manejo de caso Atención al paciente Pacientes Evaluación del resultado de la atención al paciente 23 132 Núm. 132 , Año 2015 : Carta Comunitaria N° 132 Artículo de revista Journal article 2018-02-16T00:00:00Z 2018-02-16T00:00:00Z 2018-02-16 application/pdf Fundación Universitaria Juan N. Corpas Carta Comunitaria 0123-1588 2539-0503 https://revistas.juanncorpas.edu.co/index.php/cartacomunitaria/article/view/312 10.26752/ccomunitaria.v23.n132.312 https://doi.org/10.26752/ccomunitaria.v23.n132.312 spa https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/ José Gabriel Bustillo Pereira - 2018 62 82 Bartlett JG, Dowell SF, Mandell LA, et al. Practice guidelines for the management of community-acquired pneumonia: Guidelines from the Infectious Disease Society of America. Clin Infect Dis. 2000; 31:347–382. Niederman M S, Bass J B Jr, Campbell G D, Fein A M, Grossman R F, Mandell L A, et al. American Thoracic Society guidelines for the initial management of adults with communityacquired pneumonia: diagnosis, assessment of severity, and initial antimicrobial therapy. American Thoracic Society. Medical Section of the American Lung Association. Am Rev Respir Dis 1993; 148: 1418-26. Woodhead M. Community-acquired Pneumonia Guidelines. An international comparison. A view from Europe. Chest 1998; 113: S183S-S187. Calmaggi A, Clara L, González Arzac M, López Furst M J, Levy Hara G. Guías para el diagnóstico y tratamiento de la neumonía adquirida en la comunidad en adultos. Infect Microbiol Clin 2000 Bantar, C, Bavestrello, L, Curcio, D, Jasovich A, Absi R, Bagnulo H, et al. Acute community-acquired pneumonia in adults: guidelines for initial antimicrobial therapy based on local evidence from a South American Working Group (ConsenSur). J Chemother 2002; 14 (Suppl 4): 1-22. Mandell L, Wunderink R, Anzueto A, Bartlett J G, Campbell G D, Dean N C, et al. Infectious Diseases Society of America/American Thoracic Society Consensus Guidelines on the Management of Community-Acquired Pneumonia in Adults. Clin Infect Dis 2007; 44: 27-72. Diehr P, Wood RW, Bushyhead J, et al. Prediction of pneumonia in outpatients with acute cough—a statistical approach. J Chronic Dis 1984; 37:215–25. Spiteri MA, Cook DG, Clarke SW. Reliability of eliciting physical signs in examination of the chest. Lancet 1988; 1:873–5. Heckerling PS, Tape TG, Wigton RS, et al. Clinical prediction rule for pulmonary infiltrates. Ann Intern Med. 1990; 113:664-670. Metlay JP, Schulz R, Li YH, et al. Influence of age on symptoms at presentation in patients with community-acquired pneumonia. Arch Intern Med 1997; 157:1453–9. Metlay JP, Kapoor WN, Fine MJ. Does this patient have community-acquired pneumonia? Diagnosing pneumonia by history and physical examination. JAMA 1997; 278:1440–5. Saldías F., Méndez J., Ramírez D, Díaz O. Valor predictivo de la historia clínica y el examen físico en el diagnóstico de la neumonía del adulto adquirida en la comunidad. Revisión de la literatura. Rev Med Chile 2007; 135: 517-528. Levy M, Dromer F, Brion N, Leturdu F, Carbon C. Community-acquired pneumonia: importance of initial noninvasive bacteriologic and radiographic investigations. Chest 1988; 93: 43-8. Liapikou A, Ferrer M, Polverino E, Balasso V, Esperatti M, Piñer R, et al. Severe Community-acquired pneumonia: Validation of the Infectious Diseases Society of America/American Thoracic Society Guidelines to Predict an Intensive Care Unit Admission. Clin Infect Dis 2009; 48: 377-85. Valencia M, Badia J R, Cavalcanti M, Ferrer M, index class v patients with community-acquired pneumonia: characteristics, outcomes, and value of severity scores. Chest 2007; 132: 515-22. Renaud B, Coma E, Labarere J, Hayon J, Roy P M, Boureaux H, et al. Routine use of the Pneumonia Severity Index for guiding the site-of-treatment decision of patients with pneumonia in the emergency department: a multicenter, prospective, observational, controlled cohort study. Clin Infect Dis 2007; 44: 41-9. Barlow G, Nathwani D, Davey P. The CURB65 pneumonia severity score outperforms generic sepsis and early warning scores in predicting mortality in community-acquired pneumonia. Thorax 2007; 62:253–9. Myint PK, Kamath AV, Vowler SL, Maisey DN, Harrison BD. Severity assessment criteria recommended by the British Thoracic Society (BTS) for community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) and older patients. Should SOAR (systolic blood pressure, oxygenation, age and respiratory rate) criteria be used in older people? A compilation study of two prospective cohorts. Age Ageing 2006; 35: 286-91. Bantar C et al. Neumonía aguda adquirida en la comunidad en adultos: Actualización de los lineamientos para el tratamiento antimicrobiano inicial basado en la evidencia local del Grupo de Trabajo de Sudamérica (ConsenSur II) Rev Chil Infect 2010; 27 (Supl 1): 9-38. Van der Eerden MM, Vlaspolder F, de Graaff CS, et al. Comparison between pathogen directed antibiotic treatment and empirical broads pectrum antibiotic treatment in patients with community acquired pneumonia: a prospective randomised study. Thorax 2005; 60:672–8. Menendez R, Torres A, Zalacain R, et al. Risk factors of treatment failure in community acquired pneumonia: implications for disease outcome. Thorax 2004; 59:960–5. Mundy LM, Leet TL, Darst K, Schnitzler MA, Dunagan WC. Early mobilization of patients hospitalized with community-acquired pneumonia. Chest. 2003; 124 (3):883-889. Eliakim-Raz Noa, Robenshtok E, Shefet D, Gafter-Gvili A, Vidal L, Paul M, Leibovici L. Empiric antibiotic coverage of atypical pathogens for community-acquired pneumonia in hospitalized adults. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2012 Sep 12;9. Lim WS, Baudouin SV, George RC, et al. Pneumonia Guidelines Committee of the BTS Standards of Care Committee. BTS guidelines for the management of community acquired pneumonia in adults: update 2009. Thorax 2009; Vol. 64 (Suppl 3) Jasovich A, Soutric J, Morera G, Mastruzzo M, Vesco E, Izaguirre M, et al. Efficacy of amoxicillin-sulbactam, given twice-a-day, for the treatment of communityacquired pneumonia. A clinical trial based on a pharmacodynamic model. J Chemother 2002; 14: 591-6. Aubier M, Verster R, Regamey C, Geslin P, Vercken J B. Once-daily sparfl oxacin versus high-dosage amoxicillin in the treatment of community-acquired, suspected pneumococcal pneumonia in adults. Clin Infect Dis 1998; 26:1312-20. O’Doherty B, Dutchman D A, Pettit R,Maroli A. Randomized, double-blind,comparative study of grepafl oxacin and amoxycillin in the treatment of patients with community-acquired pneumonia. J Antimicrob Chemother 1997; 40 (Suppl A): 73-81. Tremolieres F, de Kock F, Pluck N, Daniel R. Trovafl oxacin versus high-dose amoxicillin (1 g three times daily) in the treatment of community-acquired bacterial pneumonia. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 1998; 17: 447-53. Gleason PP, Kapoor WN, Stone RA, et al. Medical outcomes and antimicrobial costs with the use of the American Thoracic Society guidelines for outpatients with community-acquired pneumonia. JAMA 1997; 278:32–9. Ailani RK, Agastya G, Mukunda BN, et al. Doxycycline is a cost-effective therapy for hospitalized patients with community-acquired pneumonia. Arch Intern Med.1999; 159:266–70. Teh B, Grayson ML, Johnson PD, Charles PG. Doxycycline vs. macrolides in combination therapy for treatment of community-acquired pneumonia. Clin Microbiol Infect 2012. Choudhury G, Mandal P, Singanayagam A, et al. Seven-day antibiotic courses have similar efficacy to prolonged courses in severe community-acquired pneumonia- a propensity-adjusted analysis. Clin Microbiol Infect. 2011; 17:1852–8. Avdic E, Cushinotto LA, Hughes AH, et al. Impact of an antimicrobial stewardship intervention on shortening the duration of therapy for community-acquired pneumonia. Clin Infect Dis. 2012; 54(11):1581–7. Aliberti S, Blasi F, Zanaboni AM, et al. Duration of antibiotic therapy in hospitalised patients with community-acquired pneumonia. Eur Respir J. 2010; 36:128–34. Halm EA, Fine MJ, Marrie TJ, et al. Time to clinical stability in patients hospitalized with community-acquired pneumonia: implications for practice guidelines. JAMA. 1998; 279:1452–7. Carratala J, Garcia-Vidal C, Ortega L, et al. Effect of a 3-step critical pathway to reduce duration of intravenous antibiotic therapy and length of stay in community-acquired pneumonia. Arch Intern Med. 2012; 172(12):922–8. Menendez T, Torres A, Rodriguez de Castro F, et al. Reaching stability in community- acquired pneumonia: the effects of the severity of disease, treatment, and the characteristics of patients. Clin Infect Dis. 2004; 39:1783–90. Dimopoulos G, Matthaiou DK, Karageorgopoulos DE, et al. Short versus long-course antibacterial therapy for community-acquired pneumonia: a meta-analysis. Drugs. 2008; 68(13):1841–54. Shefet D, Robenshtok E, Paul M, Leibovici L. Empirical atypical coverage for inpatients with community-acquired pneumonia: systematic review of randomized controlled trials. Arch Intern Med 2005; 165:1992–2000. Mills GD, Oehley MR, Arrol B. Effectiveness of b-lactam antibiotics compared with antibiotics active against atypical pathogens in nonsevere community acquired pneumonia: meta-analysis. BMJ 2005; 330:456–60. El Solh AA, Sikka P, Ramadan F, Davies J. Etiology of severe pneumonia in the very elderly. Am J Respir. Crit. Care Med 2001; 163: 645–51. Luna CM, Famiglietti A, Absi R, et al. Community-acquired pneumonia: etiology, epidemiology, and outcome at a teaching hospital in Argentina. Chest 2000; 118:1344–54. Leroy O, Santre C, Beuscart C, et al. A five-year study of severe community-acquired pneumonia with emphasis on prognosis in patients admitted to an intensive care unit. Intensive Care Med 1995; 21:24–31. Sapira JD. The Art and Science of Bedside Diagnosis. Baltimore, MD: Williams & Wilkins; 1990. 13. Forgacs P. Lung sounds. Br J Dis Chest. 1969; 63(1):1-12. Marrie T, Lau C, Wheeler S, Wong C J,Feagan B G. Predictors of symptom resolution in patients with community-acquired pneumonia. Clin Infect Dis 2000; 31: 1362-7. Metlay J P, Atlas S J, Borowsky L H,Singer D E. Time course of symptom resolution in patients with community-acquired pneumonia. Respir Med 1998; 92: 1137-42. Okimoto N, Yamato K, Kurihara T. Clinical predictors for the detection of community-acquired pneumonia in adults as a guide to ordering chest radiographs. Respirology.2006- 11, 322–324. Mandell LA, Marrie TJ, Grossman RF, Chow AW, Hyland RH. Canadian guidelines for the initial management of community-acquired pneumonia: an evidence-based update by the Canadian Infectious Diseases Society and the Canadian Thoracic Society. The Canadian Community-Acquired Pneumonia Working Group. Clinical Infectious Diseases 2000; 31:383-421. Levy ML, Le Jeune I, Woodhead MA, Macfarlaned JT, Lim WS; British Thoracic Society Community Acquired Pneumonia in Adults Guideline Group. Thorax October 2009. Vol 64 Supplement III. Woodhead M, Blasi F, Ewig S, Huchon G,Ieven M, Ortqvist A, et al. Guidelines for the management of adult lower respiratory tract infections. Eur Respir J 2005; 26: 1138-80. Majumdar SR, Eurich DT, Gamble JM, et al. Oxygen saturations less than 92 % are associated with major adverse events in outpatients with pneumonia: a population-based cohort study. Clin Infect Dis 2011; 52:325-31. Liapikou A, Ferrer M, Polverino E, Balasso V, Esperatti M, Piñer R, et al. Severe Community-acquired pneumonia: Validation of the Infectious Diseases Society of America/American Thoracic Society Guidelines to Predict an Intensive Care Unit Admission. Clin Infect Dis 2009; 48: 377-85. Neill A M, Martín J R, Weir R, Anderson R,Cherevshsky A, Epton M J, et al. Communityacquired pneumonia: aetiology and usefulnesof severity criteria on admission. Thorax 1996; 51: 1010-6. Fine M J, Auble T E, Yealy D M, Hanusa B H, Wiessfeld L A, Singer D E, et al. A prediction rule to identify low-risk patients with community-acquired pneumonia. N Engl J Med 1997; 336: 243-50. Fine M J, Hough L J, Medsger A R, Li Y H, Ricci E M, Singer D E, et al. The hospital admission decision for patients with community-acquired pneumonia: results from the pneumonia Patient Outcomes Research Team cohort study. Arch Intern Med 1997; 157:36-44. Garcia-Vazquez E, Marcos MA, Mensa J, et al. Assessment of the usefulness of sputum culture for diagnosis of community-acquired pneumonia using the PORT predictive scoring system. Arch Intern Med 2004; 164:1807–11. Campbell SG, Marrie TJ, Anstey R, Dickinson G, Ackroyd-Stolarz S. The contribution of blood cultures to the clinical management of adult patients admitted to the hospital with community-acquired pneumonia: a prospective observational study. Chest 2003; 123:1142. Waterer GW, Wunderink RG. The influence of the severity of community- acquired pneumonia on the usefulness of blood cultures. Respir Med 2001; 95:78–82. Low DE, Green K, et al. Predicting antimicrobial resistance in invasive pneumococcal infections. Clin Infect Dis 2005; 40:1288-97. Arancibia F, Ewig S, Martinez JA, et al. Antimicrobial treatment failures in patients with community-acquired pneumonia. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2000; 162:154–60. Van der Eerden MM, Vlaspolder F, de Graaff CS, et al. Comparison between pathogen directed antibiotic treatment and empirical broads spectrum antibiotic treatment in patients with community acquired pneumonia: a prospective randomized study. Thorax 2005; 60:672–8. British Thoracic Society. Guidelines for the management of community acquired pneumonia in adults. Thorax 2001; 56 (Suppl 4:IV):1-64. Niederman MS, Mandell LA, Anzueto A, Bass JB, Broughton WA,Campbell GD. Guidelines for the management of adults with community-acquired pneumonia. Diagnosis, assessment of severity, antimicrobial therapy, and prevention. American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine 2001; 163:1730-54. Hedlund J, Stralin K, Ortqvist A, Holmberg H. Swedish guidelines for the management of community-acquired pneumonia in immunocompetent adults. Scandinavian Journal of Infectious Diseases 2005; 37:791-805. Woodhead M, Blasi F, Ewig S, Huchon G, Ieven M, Ortqvist A, et al.Guidelines for the management of adult lower respiratory tract infections.European Respiratory Journal 2005;26:1138-80. Halm EA, Fine MJ, Marrie TJ, et al. Time to clinical stability in patients hospitalized with community-acquired pneumonia: implications for practice guidelines. JAMA. 1998; 279:1452–7. Avdic E, Cushinotto LA, Hughes AH, et al. Impact of an antimicrobial stewardship intervention on shortening the duration of therapy for community-acquired pneumonia. Clin Infect Dis. 2012; 54(11):1581–7. Ramírez JA.Worldwide perspective of the quality of care provided to hospitalized patients with community-acquired pneumonia: results from the CAPO international cohort study. Semin Respir Crit Care Med. 2005; 26(6):543–52. Roson B, Carratala J, Fernandez-Sabe N, Tubau F, Manresa F, Gudiol F. Causes and factors associated with early failure in hospitalized patients with community-acquired pneumonia. Arch Intern Med 2004; 164:502–8. Tydeman DE. An investigation into the effectiveness of physiotherapy in the treatment of patients with community acquired pneumonia. Physio Pract 1989; 5:75–8. Chalmers JD, Taylor JK, Mandal P, et al. Validation of the Infectious Disease Society of America/America Thoracic Society minor criteria for intensive care unit admission in community-acquired pneumonia patients without major criteria or contraindications to intensive care unit care. Clin Infect Dis 2011; 53:503-11. https://revistas.juanncorpas.edu.co/index.php/cartacomunitaria/article/download/312/284 info:eu-repo/semantics/article http://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_6501 http://purl.org/redcol/resource_type/ARTREF info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion http://purl.org/coar/version/c_970fb48d4fbd8a85 info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess http://purl.org/coar/access_right/c_abf2 Text Publication |
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FUNDACION UNIVERSITARIA JUAN N. CORPAS |
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Colombia |
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Carta Comunitaria |
| title |
Diez respuestas puntuales sobre neumonía adquirida en la comunidad en adultos |
| spellingShingle |
Diez respuestas puntuales sobre neumonía adquirida en la comunidad en adultos Bustillo Pereira, José Gabriel Neumonía Salud Registros médicos Manejo de caso Atención al paciente Pacientes Evaluación del resultado de la atención al paciente |
| title_short |
Diez respuestas puntuales sobre neumonía adquirida en la comunidad en adultos |
| title_full |
Diez respuestas puntuales sobre neumonía adquirida en la comunidad en adultos |
| title_fullStr |
Diez respuestas puntuales sobre neumonía adquirida en la comunidad en adultos |
| title_full_unstemmed |
Diez respuestas puntuales sobre neumonía adquirida en la comunidad en adultos |
| title_sort |
diez respuestas puntuales sobre neumonía adquirida en la comunidad en adultos |
| title_eng |
Diez respuestas puntuales sobre neumonía adquirida en la comunidad en adultos |
| author |
Bustillo Pereira, José Gabriel |
| author_facet |
Bustillo Pereira, José Gabriel |
| topicspa_str_mv |
Neumonía Salud Registros médicos Manejo de caso Atención al paciente Pacientes Evaluación del resultado de la atención al paciente |
| topic |
Neumonía Salud Registros médicos Manejo de caso Atención al paciente Pacientes Evaluación del resultado de la atención al paciente |
| topic_facet |
Neumonía Salud Registros médicos Manejo de caso Atención al paciente Pacientes Evaluación del resultado de la atención al paciente |
| citationvolume |
23 |
| citationissue |
132 |
| citationedition |
Núm. 132 , Año 2015 : Carta Comunitaria N° 132 |
| publisher |
Fundación Universitaria Juan N. Corpas |
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Carta Comunitaria |
| source |
https://revistas.juanncorpas.edu.co/index.php/cartacomunitaria/article/view/312 |
| language |
spa |
| format |
Article |
| rights |
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/ José Gabriel Bustillo Pereira - 2018 info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess http://purl.org/coar/access_right/c_abf2 |
| references |
Bartlett JG, Dowell SF, Mandell LA, et al. Practice guidelines for the management of community-acquired pneumonia: Guidelines from the Infectious Disease Society of America. Clin Infect Dis. 2000; 31:347–382. Niederman M S, Bass J B Jr, Campbell G D, Fein A M, Grossman R F, Mandell L A, et al. American Thoracic Society guidelines for the initial management of adults with communityacquired pneumonia: diagnosis, assessment of severity, and initial antimicrobial therapy. American Thoracic Society. Medical Section of the American Lung Association. Am Rev Respir Dis 1993; 148: 1418-26. Woodhead M. Community-acquired Pneumonia Guidelines. An international comparison. A view from Europe. Chest 1998; 113: S183S-S187. Calmaggi A, Clara L, González Arzac M, López Furst M J, Levy Hara G. Guías para el diagnóstico y tratamiento de la neumonía adquirida en la comunidad en adultos. Infect Microbiol Clin 2000 Bantar, C, Bavestrello, L, Curcio, D, Jasovich A, Absi R, Bagnulo H, et al. Acute community-acquired pneumonia in adults: guidelines for initial antimicrobial therapy based on local evidence from a South American Working Group (ConsenSur). J Chemother 2002; 14 (Suppl 4): 1-22. Mandell L, Wunderink R, Anzueto A, Bartlett J G, Campbell G D, Dean N C, et al. Infectious Diseases Society of America/American Thoracic Society Consensus Guidelines on the Management of Community-Acquired Pneumonia in Adults. Clin Infect Dis 2007; 44: 27-72. Diehr P, Wood RW, Bushyhead J, et al. Prediction of pneumonia in outpatients with acute cough—a statistical approach. J Chronic Dis 1984; 37:215–25. Spiteri MA, Cook DG, Clarke SW. Reliability of eliciting physical signs in examination of the chest. Lancet 1988; 1:873–5. Heckerling PS, Tape TG, Wigton RS, et al. Clinical prediction rule for pulmonary infiltrates. Ann Intern Med. 1990; 113:664-670. Metlay JP, Schulz R, Li YH, et al. Influence of age on symptoms at presentation in patients with community-acquired pneumonia. Arch Intern Med 1997; 157:1453–9. Metlay JP, Kapoor WN, Fine MJ. Does this patient have community-acquired pneumonia? Diagnosing pneumonia by history and physical examination. JAMA 1997; 278:1440–5. Saldías F., Méndez J., Ramírez D, Díaz O. Valor predictivo de la historia clínica y el examen físico en el diagnóstico de la neumonía del adulto adquirida en la comunidad. Revisión de la literatura. Rev Med Chile 2007; 135: 517-528. Levy M, Dromer F, Brion N, Leturdu F, Carbon C. Community-acquired pneumonia: importance of initial noninvasive bacteriologic and radiographic investigations. Chest 1988; 93: 43-8. Liapikou A, Ferrer M, Polverino E, Balasso V, Esperatti M, Piñer R, et al. Severe Community-acquired pneumonia: Validation of the Infectious Diseases Society of America/American Thoracic Society Guidelines to Predict an Intensive Care Unit Admission. Clin Infect Dis 2009; 48: 377-85. Valencia M, Badia J R, Cavalcanti M, Ferrer M, index class v patients with community-acquired pneumonia: characteristics, outcomes, and value of severity scores. Chest 2007; 132: 515-22. Renaud B, Coma E, Labarere J, Hayon J, Roy P M, Boureaux H, et al. Routine use of the Pneumonia Severity Index for guiding the site-of-treatment decision of patients with pneumonia in the emergency department: a multicenter, prospective, observational, controlled cohort study. Clin Infect Dis 2007; 44: 41-9. Barlow G, Nathwani D, Davey P. The CURB65 pneumonia severity score outperforms generic sepsis and early warning scores in predicting mortality in community-acquired pneumonia. Thorax 2007; 62:253–9. Myint PK, Kamath AV, Vowler SL, Maisey DN, Harrison BD. Severity assessment criteria recommended by the British Thoracic Society (BTS) for community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) and older patients. Should SOAR (systolic blood pressure, oxygenation, age and respiratory rate) criteria be used in older people? A compilation study of two prospective cohorts. Age Ageing 2006; 35: 286-91. Bantar C et al. Neumonía aguda adquirida en la comunidad en adultos: Actualización de los lineamientos para el tratamiento antimicrobiano inicial basado en la evidencia local del Grupo de Trabajo de Sudamérica (ConsenSur II) Rev Chil Infect 2010; 27 (Supl 1): 9-38. Van der Eerden MM, Vlaspolder F, de Graaff CS, et al. Comparison between pathogen directed antibiotic treatment and empirical broads pectrum antibiotic treatment in patients with community acquired pneumonia: a prospective randomised study. Thorax 2005; 60:672–8. Menendez R, Torres A, Zalacain R, et al. Risk factors of treatment failure in community acquired pneumonia: implications for disease outcome. Thorax 2004; 59:960–5. Mundy LM, Leet TL, Darst K, Schnitzler MA, Dunagan WC. Early mobilization of patients hospitalized with community-acquired pneumonia. Chest. 2003; 124 (3):883-889. Eliakim-Raz Noa, Robenshtok E, Shefet D, Gafter-Gvili A, Vidal L, Paul M, Leibovici L. Empiric antibiotic coverage of atypical pathogens for community-acquired pneumonia in hospitalized adults. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2012 Sep 12;9. Lim WS, Baudouin SV, George RC, et al. Pneumonia Guidelines Committee of the BTS Standards of Care Committee. BTS guidelines for the management of community acquired pneumonia in adults: update 2009. Thorax 2009; Vol. 64 (Suppl 3) Jasovich A, Soutric J, Morera G, Mastruzzo M, Vesco E, Izaguirre M, et al. Efficacy of amoxicillin-sulbactam, given twice-a-day, for the treatment of communityacquired pneumonia. A clinical trial based on a pharmacodynamic model. J Chemother 2002; 14: 591-6. Aubier M, Verster R, Regamey C, Geslin P, Vercken J B. Once-daily sparfl oxacin versus high-dosage amoxicillin in the treatment of community-acquired, suspected pneumococcal pneumonia in adults. Clin Infect Dis 1998; 26:1312-20. O’Doherty B, Dutchman D A, Pettit R,Maroli A. Randomized, double-blind,comparative study of grepafl oxacin and amoxycillin in the treatment of patients with community-acquired pneumonia. J Antimicrob Chemother 1997; 40 (Suppl A): 73-81. Tremolieres F, de Kock F, Pluck N, Daniel R. Trovafl oxacin versus high-dose amoxicillin (1 g three times daily) in the treatment of community-acquired bacterial pneumonia. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 1998; 17: 447-53. Gleason PP, Kapoor WN, Stone RA, et al. Medical outcomes and antimicrobial costs with the use of the American Thoracic Society guidelines for outpatients with community-acquired pneumonia. JAMA 1997; 278:32–9. Ailani RK, Agastya G, Mukunda BN, et al. Doxycycline is a cost-effective therapy for hospitalized patients with community-acquired pneumonia. Arch Intern Med.1999; 159:266–70. Teh B, Grayson ML, Johnson PD, Charles PG. Doxycycline vs. macrolides in combination therapy for treatment of community-acquired pneumonia. Clin Microbiol Infect 2012. Choudhury G, Mandal P, Singanayagam A, et al. Seven-day antibiotic courses have similar efficacy to prolonged courses in severe community-acquired pneumonia- a propensity-adjusted analysis. Clin Microbiol Infect. 2011; 17:1852–8. Avdic E, Cushinotto LA, Hughes AH, et al. Impact of an antimicrobial stewardship intervention on shortening the duration of therapy for community-acquired pneumonia. Clin Infect Dis. 2012; 54(11):1581–7. Aliberti S, Blasi F, Zanaboni AM, et al. Duration of antibiotic therapy in hospitalised patients with community-acquired pneumonia. Eur Respir J. 2010; 36:128–34. Halm EA, Fine MJ, Marrie TJ, et al. Time to clinical stability in patients hospitalized with community-acquired pneumonia: implications for practice guidelines. JAMA. 1998; 279:1452–7. Carratala J, Garcia-Vidal C, Ortega L, et al. Effect of a 3-step critical pathway to reduce duration of intravenous antibiotic therapy and length of stay in community-acquired pneumonia. Arch Intern Med. 2012; 172(12):922–8. Menendez T, Torres A, Rodriguez de Castro F, et al. Reaching stability in community- acquired pneumonia: the effects of the severity of disease, treatment, and the characteristics of patients. Clin Infect Dis. 2004; 39:1783–90. Dimopoulos G, Matthaiou DK, Karageorgopoulos DE, et al. Short versus long-course antibacterial therapy for community-acquired pneumonia: a meta-analysis. Drugs. 2008; 68(13):1841–54. Shefet D, Robenshtok E, Paul M, Leibovici L. Empirical atypical coverage for inpatients with community-acquired pneumonia: systematic review of randomized controlled trials. Arch Intern Med 2005; 165:1992–2000. Mills GD, Oehley MR, Arrol B. Effectiveness of b-lactam antibiotics compared with antibiotics active against atypical pathogens in nonsevere community acquired pneumonia: meta-analysis. BMJ 2005; 330:456–60. El Solh AA, Sikka P, Ramadan F, Davies J. Etiology of severe pneumonia in the very elderly. Am J Respir. Crit. Care Med 2001; 163: 645–51. Luna CM, Famiglietti A, Absi R, et al. Community-acquired pneumonia: etiology, epidemiology, and outcome at a teaching hospital in Argentina. Chest 2000; 118:1344–54. Leroy O, Santre C, Beuscart C, et al. A five-year study of severe community-acquired pneumonia with emphasis on prognosis in patients admitted to an intensive care unit. Intensive Care Med 1995; 21:24–31. Sapira JD. The Art and Science of Bedside Diagnosis. Baltimore, MD: Williams & Wilkins; 1990. 13. Forgacs P. Lung sounds. Br J Dis Chest. 1969; 63(1):1-12. Marrie T, Lau C, Wheeler S, Wong C J,Feagan B G. Predictors of symptom resolution in patients with community-acquired pneumonia. 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