Titulo:
Impacto del COVID-19 en población adulta mexicana: conductas de salud pública y salud mental
.
Sumario:
La crisis de salud pública del COVID-19 ha implicado que se lleven a cabo conductas para su prevención y a su vez ha acarreado consecuencias psicológicas en los ciudadanos. El objetivo de esta investigación es comparar las relaciones existentes entre las variables sociodemográficas y las variables de salud mental y de salud pública contra el coronavirus en población mexicana. El estudio se desarrolló mediante un diseño transversal de una sola etapa. Participaron 7,693 adultos quienes contestaron el cuestionario en línea PSY-COVID diseñado ad hoc durante junio de 2020. Los resultados indican que existe una relación positiva entre todas las variables de salud pública: expectativas de resultados, autoeficacia, norma social subjetiva, barreras/... Ver más
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Corporación Universitaria Iberoamericana - 2021
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Impacto del COVID-19 en población adulta mexicana: conductas de salud pública y salud mental Impacto del COVID-19 en población adulta mexicana: conductas de salud pública y salud mental La crisis de salud pública del COVID-19 ha implicado que se lleven a cabo conductas para su prevención y a su vez ha acarreado consecuencias psicológicas en los ciudadanos. El objetivo de esta investigación es comparar las relaciones existentes entre las variables sociodemográficas y las variables de salud mental y de salud pública contra el coronavirus en población mexicana. El estudio se desarrolló mediante un diseño transversal de una sola etapa. Participaron 7,693 adultos quienes contestaron el cuestionario en línea PSY-COVID diseñado ad hoc durante junio de 2020. Los resultados indican que existe una relación positiva entre todas las variables de salud pública: expectativas de resultados, autoeficacia, norma social subjetiva, barreras/facilitadores, experiencia en conductas de prevención e intención de conductas de prevención post-confinamiento y las variables de salud mental: ansiedad, depresión y resiliencia. Por el contrario, hay una correlación negativa de estas últimas. Existen más síntomas de estrés y de depresión entre las mujeres y las personas de 16-26 años. Además, los hallazgos indican que los comportamientos de salud pública difieren de acuerdo con el género, nivel educativo, tener personas al cargo, nivel de información y haberse contagiado. A partir de nuestros hallazgos, consideramos importante el promover intervenciones desde la psicología de la salud, sensibles a los distintos grupos de personas que contribuyan al desarrollo de la resiliencia y, a partir de ello, aminorar el impacto psicológico por la pandemia. The public health crisis of COVID-19 has implied that behaviors for its prevention are carried out and has had psychological consequences on citizens. This research compares the relationships between the sociodemographic variables and the mental health and public health variables against COVID-19 in the Mexican population. It was a transversal design of a single stage. A sample of 7,693 adult participants answered an online questionnaire designed ad hoc during June 2020. The results indicate that there is a positive relationship between all public health variables: outcome expectations, self-efficacy, subjective social norm, barriers/facilitators, experience in prevention behaviors and intention of post-confinement prevention behaviors and the mental health variables: anxiety, depression and resilience. In contrast, there is a negative correlation of the latter. There are more stress and depression symptoms among women and people 16-26 years old. Moreover, results indicate that public health behaviors differ according to gender, educational level, people caretaking, information level, and COVID-19 infection. Based on our findings, we consider it essential to promote interventions from a health psychology perspective, sensitive to different groups of people, contributing to the development of resilience and reducing the pandemic's psychological impact. Iturbide Fernández, Paulina Coronavirus; pandemic; preventive behaviors; public health; mental health; PSY-COVID. Palavras-chave: Coronavírus; pandemia; comportamentos preventivos; saúde pública; saúde mental; PSY-COVID. Coronavirus; pandemia; conductas de prevención; salud pública; salud mental; PSY-COVID Coronavírus; pandemia; comportamentos preventivos; saúde pública; saúde mental; PSY-COVID. 14 3 Núm. 3 , Año 2021 : Revista Iberoamericana de Psicología Artículo de revista Journal article 2022-01-31T00:00:00Z 2022-01-31T00:00:00Z 2022-01-31 application/pdf Bogotá: Corporación Universitaria Iberoamericana Revista Iberoamericana de Psicología 2027-1786 2500-6517 https://reviberopsicologia.ibero.edu.co/article/view/rip.14301 10.33881/2027-1786.rip.14301 https://doi.org/10.33881/2027-1786.rip.14301 spa http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0 Corporación Universitaria Iberoamericana - 2021 Esta obra está bajo una licencia internacional Creative Commons Atribución-NoComercial-CompartirIgual 4.0. 1 12 Anyosa, F., Vásquez, L., Carmona, M., Feliu-Soler, A., Sanabria-Mazo, J. P., Selva, C., Sanz, A. (2020). Efecto en la salud mental de la población peruana vinculado al confinamiento en la primera ola de pandemia COVID-19. Recuperado de: https://www.researchgate.net/project/PSY-COVID Bandura, A. (2001). Social Cognitive Theory: An agentic perspective. Annual Review of Psychology. 2001. (52) 1–26. Recuperado de: https://www.annualreviews.org/doi/10.1146/annurev.psych.52.1.1 Bandura, A. (2000). Exercise of human agency through collective efficacy. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 9 (3), 75-78. Recuperado de: https://www.jstor.org/stable/20182630 Bandura, A. (1993). Perceived Self-Efficacy in Cognitive Development and Functioning. Educational Psychologist, 28 (2), 117-148. http://dx.doi.org/10.1207/s15326985ep2802_3 Barakat, A.M., & Kasemy, Z.A. (2020). Preventive health behaviours during coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic based on health belief model among Egyptians. Middle East Current Psychiatry, 27 (43). https://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s43045-020-00051-y Barzilay, R., Moore, T.M., Greenberg, D.M., DiDomenico, G.E., Brown, L.A., White, L.K., Gur, R.C., & Gur, R.E. (2020). Resilience, COVID-19-related stress, anxiety and depression during the pandemic in a large population enriched for healthcare providers. Translational Psychiatry, 10 (291), https://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41398-020-00982-4 Berg, M.B., & Lin, L. (2020). Prevalence and predictors of early COVID-19 behavioral intentions in the United States. Translational Behavioral Medicine, 10 (4), 843-849. https://dx.doi.org/10.1093/tbm/ibaa085 Cabanillas-Rojas, W. (Preprint). Conducta y propagación del covid-19 en el Perú: Marco de referencia para el diseño de Intervenciones conductuales de salud pública. Universidad Católica Sedes Sapientiae. Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Lima, Perú. Recuperado de: https://preprints.scielo.org/index.php/scielo/preprint/view/868 Camacho-Valadez (En prensa). Comportamiento preventivo y de riesgo en México durante la pandemia del COVID-19: Estudio descriptivo a nivel nacional. Revista de Salud Pública. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/342212461_Comportamiento_preventivo_y_de_riesgo_en_Mexico_durante_la_pandemia_del_COVID-19_Estudio_descriptivo_a_nivel_nacional Carmona, M. (2020). Una aproximación a la salud mental durante la pandemia de la COVID-19 en España. Trabajo de Investigación para la obtención del grado de Máster en Investigación en Psicología Clínica y de la Salud. Universitat Autónoma de Barcelona. Cenat, J. M., Dalexis, R. D., Guerrier, M., Noorishad, P., Derivois, D., Bukaka, J. & Rousseau, C. (2020). Frequency and correlates of anxiety symptoms during the COVID-19 pandemic in low- and middle-income countries: A multinational study. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 132, 13-17. Chong, Y.Y., Chien, W.T., Cheng, H.T., Chow, K.M., Kassianos, A.P., Karekla, M., & Gloster, A. (2020). The Role of Illness Perceptions, Coping, and Self-Efficacy on Adherence to Precautionary Measures for COVID-19. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 17 (18). http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17186540 Connor, K.M., & Davidson, J.R. (2003). Development of a new resilience scale: The Connor-Davidson resilience scale (CD-RISC). Depress Anxiety, 18. 76-82. Davidson, J.R.T. (2018). Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale (CDRISC) Manual. Unpublished. 08-19-2018, Recuperado de: www.cdrisc.com Fletcher, D., & Sarkar, M. (2013). Psychological Resilience. A Review and Critique of Definitions, Concepts, and Theory. European Psychologist, 18 (1), 12–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1027/1016-9040/a000124 Galindo-Vázquez, O., Ramírez-Orozco, M., Costas-Muñiz, R., Mendoza-Contreras, L. A., Calderillo-Ruiz, G., & Meneses-García, A. (2020). Síntomas de ansiedad, depresión y conductas de autocuidado durante la pandemia de COVID-19 en población general. Gaceta Médica de México, 156, 298-305. Graber, R., Pichon, F., & Carabine, E. (2015). Psychological resilience State of knowledge and future research agendas. Overseas Development Institute: Working Paper 425. https://www.odi.org/sites/odi.org.uk/files/odi-assets/publications-opinion-files/9872.pdf Gigante, C. D., & Badellino, H. (2020). Prevalencia de depresión en la población argentina durante la cuarentena por COVID-19 y factores de riesgo asociados. 12º SIEPE Salão Internacional de Ensino, Pesquisa e Extensão. 24 al 26 de noviembre 2020. Gutiérrez, J. R. (2020). Síntomas de ansiedad por la COVID-19, como evidencia de afectación de salud mental en universitarios salvadoreños. Universidad Tecnológica de El Salvador. Edición especial. Investigaciones COVID-19. Recuperado de: http://repositorio.utec.edu.sv:8080/jspui/bitstream/11298/1171/3/112981171.pdf Jones, C. J., Smith, H. E., Frew, A. J., Du Toit, G., Mukhopadhyay, S. & Llewellyn, C.D. (2014). Explaining adherence to self-care behaviours amongst adolescents with food allergy: a comparison of the health belief model and the common-sense self-regulation model. Br J Health Psychol, 19(1), 65-82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/bjhp.12033 Kroenke, K., Spitzer, R.L. & Williams, J.B. (2003). The Patient Health Questionnaire2: validity of a two-item depression screener. Med. Care 41, (11), 1284–1292. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/01.MLR.0000093487.78664.3C Liu, X-J., & Mesch, G.S. (2020). The Adoption of Preventive Behaviors during the COVID-19 Pandemic in China and Israel. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 17 (19). http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17197170 Löwe, B., Wahl, I., Rose, M., Spitzer, C., Glaesmer, H., Wingenfeld, K., Schneider, A. & Brähler, E. (2010). A 4-item measure of depression and anxiety: Validation and standardization of the Patient Health Questionnaire-4 (PHQ-4) in the general population. Journal of Affective Disorders, 122 (1-2), 86-95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2009.06.019. Maibach, E., & Murphy, D.A. (1995). Self-efficacy in health promotion research and practice: conceptualization and measurement. Health Education Research, 10 (1), 37-50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/her/10.1.37 Ni, C., Chow, M.C.M., Jiang, X., Li, S., & Pang, S.M.C. Factors associated with resilience of adult survivors five years after the 2008 Sichuan earthquake in China. PLOS ONE. March 26, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone. 0121033 Parrado-González, A., & León-Jariego, J. C. (2020). COVID-19: Factores asociados al malestar emocional y morbilidad psíquica en población española. Revista Española de Salud Pública, 94: 8 de junio Rahman, M.A., Hoque, N., Alif, S.M., Salehin, M., Shariful Islam, S.M., Banik, B., Sharif, A., Nazim, N., B., Sultana, F., & Cross, W. (2020). Factors associated with psychological distress, fear and coping strategies during the COVID-19 pandemic in Australia. Globalization and Health, 16 (1); 95. https://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s12992-020-00624-w Ran, L., Wang, W., Ai, M., Kong, Y., Chen, J., & Kuang, J. (2020). Psychological resilience, depression, anxiety, and somatization symptoms in response to COVID-19: A study of the general population in China at the peak of its epidemic. Social Science & Medicine, 262, 113261. https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2020.113261 Rapacciuolo, A., Gerrone, F., Cuomo, R., Mauriello, V., Quarto, M., Kisslinger, A., Savarese, G., Illario, M., & Tramontano, D. (2016). The impact of social and cultural engagement and dieting on well-being and resilience in a group of residents in the Metropolitan area of Naples. Journal of Aging Research, 2016, Article ID 4768420, 11 http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/4768420 Roma, P., Monaro, M., Muzi, L., Colasanti, M., Ricci, E., Biondi, S., Napoli, C., Ferracuti, S., & Mazza, C. (2020). How to Improve Compliance with Protective Health Measures during the COVID-19 Outbreak: Testing a Moderated Mediation Model and Machine Learning Algorithms. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 17, 1(9). http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17197252 Sanabria-Mazo, J. P. (2020). Efectos en la salud mental de la población colombiana durante la pandemia del COVID-19. Proyecto PSY-COVID-COLOMBIA. http://dx.doi.org/10.13140/RG.2.2.33334.52805/4 Schwarzer, R., & Luszczynska, A. (2020). Perceived Self-efficacy. National Cancer Institute. https://cancercontrol.cancer.gov/brp/research/constructs/self-efficacy# Schwarzer, R. (2016). El Modelo Procesual de Acción en Salud como un marco de referencia teórico para entender el cambio de conducta. Actualidades en Psicología, 30 (121), 119-130. http://dx.doi.org/10.15517/ap.v30i121.23458 Sharour, G., & Ali-Dardas, L. (2020). Acute stress disorder, coping self-efficacy and subsequent psychological distress among nurses amid COVID-19. J Nurs Manag, 28 (7), 1686–1695. https://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jonm.13124 Tabernero, C., Castillo-Mayén, R., Luque, B., & Cuadrado, E. (2020). Social values, self- and collective efficacy explaining behaviours in coping with Covid-19: Self-interested consumption and physical distancing in the first 10 days of confinement in Spain. PLoS ONE 15(9) https://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0238682 Vella, S.L., & Pai, N.B. (2019). A theoretical review of psychological resilience: Defining resilience and resilience research over the decades. Arch Med Health Sci, 7(2), 233-239. https://dx.doi.org/10/ggr6x2 Wang, C.; Pan, R.; Wan, X.; Tan, Y.; Xu, L.; Ho, C.S. & Ho, R.C. (2020). Immediate Psychological Responses and Associated Factors during the Initial Stage of the 2019 Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) Epidemic among the General Population in China. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 17 (5), 1729. https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17051729 Williams, L., Rasmussen, S., Kleczkowski, A., Maharaj, S., & Cairns, N. (2015). Protection motivation theory and social distancing behaviour in response to a simulated infectious disease epidemic. Psychol Health Med, 20 (7), 832–837. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13548506.2015.1028946 Wyke, S., Adamson, J., Dixon, D., & Hunt, K. (2013). Consultation and illness behavior in response to symptoms: a comparison of models from different disciplinary frameworks and suggestions for future research directions. Social Science & Medicine, 86, 79-87. http://dx.doi.org/ 10.1016/j.socscimed.2013.03.007 https://reviberopsicologia.ibero.edu.co/article/download/rip.14301/1755 info:eu-repo/semantics/article http://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_6501 http://purl.org/redcol/resource_type/ARTREF info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion http://purl.org/coar/version/c_970fb48d4fbd8a85 info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess http://purl.org/coar/access_right/c_abf2 Text Publication |
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CORPORACIÓN UNIVERSITARIA IBEROAMERICANA |
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Colombia |
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Revista Iberoamericana de Psicología |
| title |
Impacto del COVID-19 en población adulta mexicana: conductas de salud pública y salud mental |
| spellingShingle |
Impacto del COVID-19 en población adulta mexicana: conductas de salud pública y salud mental Iturbide Fernández, Paulina Coronavirus; pandemic; preventive behaviors; public health; mental health; PSY-COVID. Palavras-chave: Coronavírus; pandemia; comportamentos preventivos; saúde pública; saúde mental; PSY-COVID. Coronavirus; pandemia; conductas de prevención; salud pública; salud mental; PSY-COVID Coronavírus; pandemia; comportamentos preventivos; saúde pública; saúde mental; PSY-COVID. |
| title_short |
Impacto del COVID-19 en población adulta mexicana: conductas de salud pública y salud mental |
| title_full |
Impacto del COVID-19 en población adulta mexicana: conductas de salud pública y salud mental |
| title_fullStr |
Impacto del COVID-19 en población adulta mexicana: conductas de salud pública y salud mental |
| title_full_unstemmed |
Impacto del COVID-19 en población adulta mexicana: conductas de salud pública y salud mental |
| title_sort |
impacto del covid-19 en población adulta mexicana: conductas de salud pública y salud mental |
| title_eng |
Impacto del COVID-19 en población adulta mexicana: conductas de salud pública y salud mental |
| description |
La crisis de salud pública del COVID-19 ha implicado que se lleven a cabo conductas para su prevención y a su vez ha acarreado consecuencias psicológicas en los ciudadanos. El objetivo de esta investigación es comparar las relaciones existentes entre las variables sociodemográficas y las variables de salud mental y de salud pública contra el coronavirus en población mexicana. El estudio se desarrolló mediante un diseño transversal de una sola etapa. Participaron 7,693 adultos quienes contestaron el cuestionario en línea PSY-COVID diseñado ad hoc durante junio de 2020. Los resultados indican que existe una relación positiva entre todas las variables de salud pública: expectativas de resultados, autoeficacia, norma social subjetiva, barreras/facilitadores, experiencia en conductas de prevención e intención de conductas de prevención post-confinamiento y las variables de salud mental: ansiedad, depresión y resiliencia. Por el contrario, hay una correlación negativa de estas últimas. Existen más síntomas de estrés y de depresión entre las mujeres y las personas de 16-26 años. Además, los hallazgos indican que los comportamientos de salud pública difieren de acuerdo con el género, nivel educativo, tener personas al cargo, nivel de información y haberse contagiado. A partir de nuestros hallazgos, consideramos importante el promover intervenciones desde la psicología de la salud, sensibles a los distintos grupos de personas que contribuyan al desarrollo de la resiliencia y, a partir de ello, aminorar el impacto psicológico por la pandemia.
|
| description_eng |
The public health crisis of COVID-19 has implied that behaviors for its prevention are carried out and has had psychological consequences on citizens. This research compares the relationships between the sociodemographic variables and the mental health and public health variables against COVID-19 in the Mexican population. It was a transversal design of a single stage. A sample of 7,693 adult participants answered an online questionnaire designed ad hoc during June 2020. The results indicate that there is a positive relationship between all public health variables: outcome expectations, self-efficacy, subjective social norm, barriers/facilitators, experience in prevention behaviors and intention of post-confinement prevention behaviors and the mental health variables: anxiety, depression and resilience. In contrast, there is a negative correlation of the latter. There are more stress and depression symptoms among women and people 16-26 years old. Moreover, results indicate that public health behaviors differ according to gender, educational level, people caretaking, information level, and COVID-19 infection. Based on our findings, we consider it essential to promote interventions from a health psychology perspective, sensitive to different groups of people, contributing to the development of resilience and reducing the pandemic's psychological impact.
|
| author |
Iturbide Fernández, Paulina |
| author_facet |
Iturbide Fernández, Paulina |
| topic |
Coronavirus; pandemic; preventive behaviors; public health; mental health; PSY-COVID. Palavras-chave: Coronavírus; pandemia; comportamentos preventivos; saúde pública; saúde mental; PSY-COVID. Coronavirus; pandemia; conductas de prevención; salud pública; salud mental; PSY-COVID Coronavírus; pandemia; comportamentos preventivos; saúde pública; saúde mental; PSY-COVID. |
| topic_facet |
Coronavirus; pandemic; preventive behaviors; public health; mental health; PSY-COVID. Palavras-chave: Coronavírus; pandemia; comportamentos preventivos; saúde pública; saúde mental; PSY-COVID. Coronavirus; pandemia; conductas de prevención; salud pública; salud mental; PSY-COVID Coronavírus; pandemia; comportamentos preventivos; saúde pública; saúde mental; PSY-COVID. |
| topicspa_str_mv |
Palavras-chave: Coronavírus; pandemia; comportamentos preventivos; saúde pública; saúde mental; PSY-COVID. Coronavirus; pandemia; conductas de prevención; salud pública; salud mental; PSY-COVID Coronavírus; pandemia; comportamentos preventivos; saúde pública; saúde mental; PSY-COVID. |
| citationvolume |
14 |
| citationissue |
3 |
| citationedition |
Núm. 3 , Año 2021 : Revista Iberoamericana de Psicología |
| publisher |
Bogotá: Corporación Universitaria Iberoamericana |
| ispartofjournal |
Revista Iberoamericana de Psicología |
| source |
https://reviberopsicologia.ibero.edu.co/article/view/rip.14301 |
| language |
spa |
| format |
Article |
| rights |
http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0 Corporación Universitaria Iberoamericana - 2021 Esta obra está bajo una licencia internacional Creative Commons Atribución-NoComercial-CompartirIgual 4.0. info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess http://purl.org/coar/access_right/c_abf2 |
| references |
Anyosa, F., Vásquez, L., Carmona, M., Feliu-Soler, A., Sanabria-Mazo, J. P., Selva, C., Sanz, A. (2020). Efecto en la salud mental de la población peruana vinculado al confinamiento en la primera ola de pandemia COVID-19. Recuperado de: https://www.researchgate.net/project/PSY-COVID Bandura, A. (2001). Social Cognitive Theory: An agentic perspective. Annual Review of Psychology. 2001. (52) 1–26. Recuperado de: https://www.annualreviews.org/doi/10.1146/annurev.psych.52.1.1 Bandura, A. (2000). Exercise of human agency through collective efficacy. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 9 (3), 75-78. Recuperado de: https://www.jstor.org/stable/20182630 Bandura, A. (1993). Perceived Self-Efficacy in Cognitive Development and Functioning. Educational Psychologist, 28 (2), 117-148. http://dx.doi.org/10.1207/s15326985ep2802_3 Barakat, A.M., & Kasemy, Z.A. (2020). Preventive health behaviours during coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic based on health belief model among Egyptians. Middle East Current Psychiatry, 27 (43). https://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s43045-020-00051-y Barzilay, R., Moore, T.M., Greenberg, D.M., DiDomenico, G.E., Brown, L.A., White, L.K., Gur, R.C., & Gur, R.E. (2020). Resilience, COVID-19-related stress, anxiety and depression during the pandemic in a large population enriched for healthcare providers. Translational Psychiatry, 10 (291), https://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41398-020-00982-4 Berg, M.B., & Lin, L. (2020). Prevalence and predictors of early COVID-19 behavioral intentions in the United States. Translational Behavioral Medicine, 10 (4), 843-849. https://dx.doi.org/10.1093/tbm/ibaa085 Cabanillas-Rojas, W. (Preprint). Conducta y propagación del covid-19 en el Perú: Marco de referencia para el diseño de Intervenciones conductuales de salud pública. Universidad Católica Sedes Sapientiae. Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Lima, Perú. Recuperado de: https://preprints.scielo.org/index.php/scielo/preprint/view/868 Camacho-Valadez (En prensa). Comportamiento preventivo y de riesgo en México durante la pandemia del COVID-19: Estudio descriptivo a nivel nacional. Revista de Salud Pública. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/342212461_Comportamiento_preventivo_y_de_riesgo_en_Mexico_durante_la_pandemia_del_COVID-19_Estudio_descriptivo_a_nivel_nacional Carmona, M. (2020). Una aproximación a la salud mental durante la pandemia de la COVID-19 en España. Trabajo de Investigación para la obtención del grado de Máster en Investigación en Psicología Clínica y de la Salud. Universitat Autónoma de Barcelona. Cenat, J. M., Dalexis, R. D., Guerrier, M., Noorishad, P., Derivois, D., Bukaka, J. & Rousseau, C. (2020). Frequency and correlates of anxiety symptoms during the COVID-19 pandemic in low- and middle-income countries: A multinational study. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 132, 13-17. Chong, Y.Y., Chien, W.T., Cheng, H.T., Chow, K.M., Kassianos, A.P., Karekla, M., & Gloster, A. (2020). The Role of Illness Perceptions, Coping, and Self-Efficacy on Adherence to Precautionary Measures for COVID-19. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 17 (18). http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17186540 Connor, K.M., & Davidson, J.R. (2003). Development of a new resilience scale: The Connor-Davidson resilience scale (CD-RISC). Depress Anxiety, 18. 76-82. Davidson, J.R.T. (2018). Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale (CDRISC) Manual. Unpublished. 08-19-2018, Recuperado de: www.cdrisc.com Fletcher, D., & Sarkar, M. (2013). Psychological Resilience. A Review and Critique of Definitions, Concepts, and Theory. European Psychologist, 18 (1), 12–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1027/1016-9040/a000124 Galindo-Vázquez, O., Ramírez-Orozco, M., Costas-Muñiz, R., Mendoza-Contreras, L. A., Calderillo-Ruiz, G., & Meneses-García, A. (2020). Síntomas de ansiedad, depresión y conductas de autocuidado durante la pandemia de COVID-19 en población general. Gaceta Médica de México, 156, 298-305. 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