Titulo:
Neuropsychological Diagnostic Accuracy: Factors That Might Lead to a Wrong Diagnosis and How to Avoid Them
.
Sumario:
Los falsos positivos y los falsos negativos en la evaluación neuropsicológica pueden ocurrir debido a diferentes razones y pueden tener consecuencias graves tales como la administración de un tratamiento innecesario que puede causar efectos adversos y la incapacidad de proporcionar un tratamiento oportuno a los pacientes. Por lo tanto, es importante saber qué tanto podemos confiar en el diagnóstico. Los resultados de las pruebas son insuficientes para este fin. Como punto de partida, debemos establecer hipótesis sobre la condición del paciente utilizando la información que hemos recopilado de varias fuentes. Adicionalmente, es necesario utilizar información sobre las propiedades psicométricas de las pruebas, los valores predictivos y las ta... Ver más
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Neuropsychological Diagnostic Accuracy: Factors That Might Lead to a Wrong Diagnosis and How to Avoid Them Neuropsychological Diagnostic Accuracy: Factors That Might Lead to a Wrong Diagnosis and How to Avoid Them Los falsos positivos y los falsos negativos en la evaluación neuropsicológica pueden ocurrir debido a diferentes razones y pueden tener consecuencias graves tales como la administración de un tratamiento innecesario que puede causar efectos adversos y la incapacidad de proporcionar un tratamiento oportuno a los pacientes. Por lo tanto, es importante saber qué tanto podemos confiar en el diagnóstico. Los resultados de las pruebas son insuficientes para este fin. Como punto de partida, debemos establecer hipótesis sobre la condición del paciente utilizando la información que hemos recopilado de varias fuentes. Adicionalmente, es necesario utilizar información sobre las propiedades psicométricas de las pruebas, los valores predictivos y las tasas base de los trastornos neurocognitivos y de las puntuaciones bajas. En ausencia de esta información, la interpretación de los resultados debe ser cautelosa. En este artículo se discuten varias estrategias que pueden contribuir a mejorar la precisión diagnóstica. False positives and false negatives in neuropsychological assessment can occur due to different reasons and they could have serious consequences such as the administration of an unnecessary treatment that may cause adverse effects and failure to provide timely treatment to patients. Therefore, it is important to know how confident we can be in the diagnosis. Tests scores are insufficient to this end. As a starting point, we need to establish hypotheses about the patient’s condition using the information we have collected from several sources. We also need to use information about the psychometric properties of the tests, predictive values and base rates of neurocognitive disorders and low scores. Whenever this information is lacking the interpretation of performance should be cautious. Several strategies are discussed that may contribute to improve diagnostic accuracy. Ortega Marin, Jeniffer Hypothesis-driven assessment sensitivity specificity false positives false negatives base rates predictive values biases heuristics Evaluación basada en hipótesis sensibilidad especificidad falsos positivos falsos negativos tasas base valores predictivos sesgos heurísticas Avaliação orientada por hipóteses sensibilidade especificidade falso-positivo falsos negativos taxas de base valores preditivos vieses heurística 12 2 Núm. 2 , Año 2019 : Neuropsicología y Neurociencia: Investigaciones en torno a las bases biológicas del comportamiento Artículo de revista Journal article 2020-02-20T19:05:20Z 2020-02-20T19:05:20Z 2020-02-20 application/pdf Bogotá: Corporación Universitaria Iberoamericana Revista Iberoamericana de Psicología 2027-1786 2500-6517 https://reviberopsicologia.ibero.edu.co/article/view/rip.12203 10.33881/2027-1786.rip.12203 https://doi.org/10.33881/2027-1786.rip.12203 eng https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/ 29 38 American Psychiatric Association. (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders. Washington, DC: Author. Binder, L., Iverson, G., & Brooks, B. (2009). To err is human: “abnormal” neuropsychological scores and variability. Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology, 24, 31-46. doi:10.1093/arclin/acn001 Blakesley, R., Mazumdar, S., Dew, M., Houck, P., Tang, G., Reynolds III, C., & Butters, M. (2009). Comparisons of methods for multiple hypothesis testing in neuropsychological research (Vol. 23). Neuropsychology. doi:doi:10.1037/a0012850 Brooks, B., Sherman, E., Iverson, G., Slick, D. J., & Strauss, E. (2011). sychometric foundations for the interpretation of neuropsychological test results. In J. Glenn, & M. Schoenberg, The little black book of neuropsychology: A syndrome-based approach (pp. 893-992). New York: Springer. doi:https://psycnet.apa.org/doi/10.1007/978-0-387-76978-3_16 Crawford, J. R., Garthwaite, P. H., & Gault, C. B. (2007). Estimating the percentage of the population With abnormally low scores (or abnormally large score differences) on standardized neuropsychological test batteries: A generic method with applications. Neuropsychology, 21(4), 419-430. doi:10.1037/0894-4105.21.4.419 Decker, S., Schneider, J., & Hale, J. (2012). Estimating base rates of impairment in neuropsychological test batteries: a comparison of quantitative models. Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology, 27, 69–84. doi:10.1093/arclin/acr088 Duarte, L. (2017). Lenguaje, memoria y habilidades visuoconstructivas en el envejecimiento normal: Datos normativos con la Batería Neuronorma Colombia (Tesis de maestría). Bogotá, Colombia: Universidad Nacional de Colombia. Retrieved from http://www.bdigital.unal.edu.co/56804/ Duff, K. (2012). Evidence-based indicators of neuropsychological change in the individual patient: Relevant concepts and methods. Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology, 27(3), 248-261. doi:10.1093/arclin/acr120 Espitia, A. (2017). Funciones ejecutivas en el envejecimiento normal: Datos normativos con la batería Neuronorma.Colombia (Tesis de maestría). Bogotá, Colombia: Universidad Nacional de Colombia. Retrieved from http://www.bdigital.unal.edu.co/56861/ Fellows, R., & Schmitter-Edgecombe, M. (2015). Between-domain cognitive dispersion and functional abilities in older adults. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology, 37(10), 1013-1023. doi:10.1080/13803395.2015.1050360 Frerichs, R., & Tuokko, H. (2005). A comparison of methods for measuring cognitive change in older adults. Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology, 20(3), 321-333. doi:10.1016/j.acn.2004.08.002 Glaros, A., & Kline, R. (1988). Understanding the accuracy of tests with cutting scores: The sensitivity, specificity, and predictive value model. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 44(6), 1013-1023. doi:10.1002/1097-4679(198811)44:6<1013::AID-JCLP2270440627>3.0.CO;2-Z Godefroy, O., Fickl, A., Roussel, M., Auribault, C., Bugnicourt, J. M., Lamy, C., . . . Petitnicolas, G. (2011). Is the Montreal Cognitive Assessment superior to the Mini-Mental State Examination to detect poststroke cognitive impairment? A study with neuropsychological evaluation. Stroke, 42, 1712-1716. doi:10.1161/STROKEAHA.110.606277 Hebben, N., & Milberg, W. (2009). Essentials of neuropsychological assessment (Second ed.). Hoboken, New Jersey: John Wiley & Sons. Retrieved from https://www.wiley.com/en- us/Essentials+of+Neuropsychological+Assessment-p-9780471215899 Hinton-Bayre, A. (2010). Deriving reliable change statistics from test–retest normative data: Comparison of models and mathematical expressions. Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology, 25(3), 244-256. doi:10.1093/arclin/acq008 Huizenga, H., Agelink van Rentergem, J., Grasman, R., Muslimovic, D., & Schmand, B. (2016). Normative comparisons for large neuropsychological test batteries: User-friendly and sensitive solutions to minimize familywise false positives. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology, 38(6), 611-629. doi:10.1080/13803395.2015.1132299 Iverson, G., Brooks, B., Langenecker, S., & Young, A. (2011). Identifying a cognitive impairment subgroup in adults with mood disorders. Journal of Affective Disorders, 132, 360–367. doi:10.1016/j.jad.2011.03.001 Jurado, M., & Pueyo, R. (2012). Doing and reporting a neuropsychological assessment. International Journal of Clinical and Health Psychology, 12(1), 123-141. Retrieved from https://www.redalyc.org/pdf/337/33723707009.pdf Kahneman, D. (2011). Thinking fast and slow. London: Penguin Group. Retrieved from https://www.penguin.co.uk/books/563/56314/thinking--fast-and-slow/9780141033570.html Kent, P., & Hancock, M. (2016). Interpretation of dichotomous outcomes: sensitivity, specificity, likelihood ratios, and pre-test and post-test probability. Journal of Physiotherapy, 62(4), 231-233. doi:10.1016/j.jphys.2016.08.008 Mercier, H. (2017). Confirmation bias - Myside bias. In R. F. Pohl (Ed.), Cognitive illusions: Intriguing phenomena in thinking, judgment and memory (Second ed., pp. 99-114). New York: Routledge. Mistridis, P., Egli, S. C., Iverson, G. L., Berres, M., Willmes, K., Welsh-Bohmer, K. A., & Monsch, A. U. (2015). Considering the base rates of low performance in cognitively healthy older adults improves the accuracy to identify neurocognitive impairment with the Consortium to Establish a Registry for Alzheimer’s DiseaseNeuropsychological Assessment Battery. European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience, 265, 07–417. doi:10.1007/s00406-014-0571-z Nickerson, R. S. (1998). Confirmation bias: A ubiquitous phenomenon in many guises. Review of General Psychology, 2(2), 175-220. doi:10.1037/1089-2680.2.2.175 Pardo, A., & Ferrer, R. (2013). Significación clínica: falsos positivos en la estimación del cambio individual. Anales de Psicología, 29(2), 301-310. doi:10.6018/analesps.29.2.139031 Ruff, R. M. (2003). A friendly critique of neuropsychology: facing the challenges of our future. Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology, 18(8), 847-864. doi:10.1016/j.acn.2003.07.002 Russell, E. W., Russell, S. L., & Hill, B. (2005). The fundamental psychometric status of neuropsychological batteries. Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology, 20(6), 785-794. doi:10.1016/j.acn.2005.05.001 Sánchez-Benavides, G., Peña-Casanova, J., Casals-Coll, M., Gramunt, N., Manero, R. M., Puig-Pijoan, A., . . . Blesa, R. (2016). One-year reference norms of cognitive change in spanish old adults: Data from the NEURONORMA sample. Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology, 31(4), 378-388. doi:10.1093/arclin/acw018 Slick, D. J. (2006). Psychometrics in neuropsychological assessment. In E. Strauss, E. M. Sherman, & O. Spreen (Eds.), A Compendium of neuropsychological tests: Administration, norms, and commentary (Third ed., pp. 3-32). New York: Oxford University Press. Sohlberg, M. M., & Mateer, C. A. (2001). Cognitive rehabilitation: An integrative neuropsychologcial approach. New York: The Guilford Press. Spores, J. M. (2013). Clinician’s guide to psychological assessment and testing: With forms and templates for effective practice. New York: Springer. Stein, J., Luppa, M., Brähler, E., König, H.-H., & Riedel-Heller, S. G. (2010). The assessment of changes in cognitive functioning: Reliable change indices for neuropsychological instruments in the elderly – A systematic review. Dementia and Geriatric Cognitive Disorders, 29(3), 275-286. doi:10.1159/000289779 Tanner-Eggen, C., Balzer, C., Perrig, W. J., & Gutbrod, K. (2015). The neuropsychological assessment of cognitive deficits considering measures of performance variability. Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology, 30, 217–227. doi:10.1093/arclin/acv008 Teigen, K. H. (2017). Judgments by representativeness. In R. F. Pohl (Ed.), Cognitive illusions: Intriguing phenomena in thinking, judgment and memory (Second ed.). Oxon, United Kingdom: Routledge. Thambirajah, M. S. (2005). Chapter 8: Psychological measurements: Their uses and misuses. In Psychological Basis of Psychiatry (pp. 181-201). New York: Churchill Livingstone. Urbina, S. (2014). Essentials of psychological testing (Second ed.). Hoboken, New Jersey: Wiley. Vakil, E. (2012). Neuropsychological assessment: Principles, rationale, and challenges. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology, 34(2), 135-150. doi:10.1080/13803395.2011.623121 Wanlass, R. L. (2012). The neuropsychology toolkit: Guidelines, formats, and language. New York: Springer. Watkins, M. W. (2009). Errors in diagnostic decision making and clinical judgment. In T. B. Gutkin, & C. R. Reynolds (Eds.), Handbook of School Psychology (Fourth ed., pp. 210-229). Hoboken, New Jersey: Wiley. Woods, S. P., Ludicello, J. E., Cobb Scott, J., & Grant, I. (2009). Neuropsychological methods in mental disorders research: illustrations from methamphetamine dependence. In S. J. Wood, N. B. Allen, & C. Pantelis (Eds.), The neuropsychology of mental illness (pp. 194- 205). Cambridge, United Kingdom: Cambridge University Press. Wright, A. J. (2011). Conducting psychological assessment: A guide for practitioners. Hoboken, New Jersey: John Wiley & Sons. https://reviberopsicologia.ibero.edu.co/article/download/rip.12203/1504 info:eu-repo/semantics/article http://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_6501 http://purl.org/redcol/resource_type/ARTREF info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion http://purl.org/coar/version/c_970fb48d4fbd8a85 info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess http://purl.org/coar/access_right/c_abf2 Text Publication |
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CORPORACIÓN UNIVERSITARIA IBEROAMERICANA |
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https://nuevo.metarevistas.org/CORPORACIONUNIVERSITARIAIBEROAMERICANA/logo.png |
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Colombia |
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Revista Iberoamericana de Psicología |
| title |
Neuropsychological Diagnostic Accuracy: Factors That Might Lead to a Wrong Diagnosis and How to Avoid Them |
| spellingShingle |
Neuropsychological Diagnostic Accuracy: Factors That Might Lead to a Wrong Diagnosis and How to Avoid Them Ortega Marin, Jeniffer Hypothesis-driven assessment sensitivity specificity false positives false negatives base rates predictive values biases heuristics Evaluación basada en hipótesis sensibilidad especificidad falsos positivos falsos negativos tasas base valores predictivos sesgos heurísticas Avaliação orientada por hipóteses sensibilidade especificidade falso-positivo falsos negativos taxas de base valores preditivos vieses heurística |
| title_short |
Neuropsychological Diagnostic Accuracy: Factors That Might Lead to a Wrong Diagnosis and How to Avoid Them |
| title_full |
Neuropsychological Diagnostic Accuracy: Factors That Might Lead to a Wrong Diagnosis and How to Avoid Them |
| title_fullStr |
Neuropsychological Diagnostic Accuracy: Factors That Might Lead to a Wrong Diagnosis and How to Avoid Them |
| title_full_unstemmed |
Neuropsychological Diagnostic Accuracy: Factors That Might Lead to a Wrong Diagnosis and How to Avoid Them |
| title_sort |
neuropsychological diagnostic accuracy: factors that might lead to a wrong diagnosis and how to avoid them |
| title_eng |
Neuropsychological Diagnostic Accuracy: Factors That Might Lead to a Wrong Diagnosis and How to Avoid Them |
| description |
Los falsos positivos y los falsos negativos en la evaluación neuropsicológica pueden ocurrir debido a diferentes razones y pueden tener consecuencias graves tales como la administración de un tratamiento innecesario que puede causar efectos adversos y la incapacidad de proporcionar un tratamiento oportuno a los pacientes. Por lo tanto, es importante saber qué tanto podemos confiar en el diagnóstico. Los resultados de las pruebas son insuficientes para este fin. Como punto de partida, debemos establecer hipótesis sobre la condición del paciente utilizando la información que hemos recopilado de varias fuentes. Adicionalmente, es necesario utilizar información sobre las propiedades psicométricas de las pruebas, los valores predictivos y las tasas base de los trastornos neurocognitivos y de las puntuaciones bajas. En ausencia de esta información, la interpretación de los resultados debe ser cautelosa. En este artículo se discuten varias estrategias que pueden contribuir a mejorar la precisión diagnóstica.
|
| description_eng |
False positives and false negatives in neuropsychological assessment can occur due to different reasons and they could have serious consequences such as the administration of an unnecessary treatment that may cause adverse effects and failure to provide timely treatment to patients. Therefore, it is important to know how confident we can be in the diagnosis. Tests scores are insufficient to this end. As a starting point, we need to establish hypotheses about the patient’s condition using the information we have collected from several sources. We also need to use information about the psychometric properties of the tests, predictive values and base rates of neurocognitive disorders and low scores. Whenever this information is lacking the interpretation of performance should be cautious. Several strategies are discussed that may contribute to improve diagnostic accuracy.
|
| author |
Ortega Marin, Jeniffer |
| author_facet |
Ortega Marin, Jeniffer |
| topic |
Hypothesis-driven assessment sensitivity specificity false positives false negatives base rates predictive values biases heuristics Evaluación basada en hipótesis sensibilidad especificidad falsos positivos falsos negativos tasas base valores predictivos sesgos heurísticas Avaliação orientada por hipóteses sensibilidade especificidade falso-positivo falsos negativos taxas de base valores preditivos vieses heurística |
| topic_facet |
Hypothesis-driven assessment sensitivity specificity false positives false negatives base rates predictive values biases heuristics Evaluación basada en hipótesis sensibilidad especificidad falsos positivos falsos negativos tasas base valores predictivos sesgos heurísticas Avaliação orientada por hipóteses sensibilidade especificidade falso-positivo falsos negativos taxas de base valores preditivos vieses heurística |
| topicspa_str_mv |
Evaluación basada en hipótesis sensibilidad especificidad falsos positivos falsos negativos tasas base valores predictivos sesgos heurísticas Avaliação orientada por hipóteses sensibilidade especificidade falso-positivo falsos negativos taxas de base valores preditivos vieses heurística |
| citationvolume |
12 |
| citationissue |
2 |
| citationedition |
Núm. 2 , Año 2019 : Neuropsicología y Neurociencia: Investigaciones en torno a las bases biológicas del comportamiento |
| publisher |
Bogotá: Corporación Universitaria Iberoamericana |
| ispartofjournal |
Revista Iberoamericana de Psicología |
| source |
https://reviberopsicologia.ibero.edu.co/article/view/rip.12203 |
| language |
eng |
| format |
Article |
| rights |
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/ info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess http://purl.org/coar/access_right/c_abf2 |
| references_eng |
American Psychiatric Association. (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders. Washington, DC: Author. Binder, L., Iverson, G., & Brooks, B. (2009). To err is human: “abnormal” neuropsychological scores and variability. Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology, 24, 31-46. doi:10.1093/arclin/acn001 Blakesley, R., Mazumdar, S., Dew, M., Houck, P., Tang, G., Reynolds III, C., & Butters, M. (2009). Comparisons of methods for multiple hypothesis testing in neuropsychological research (Vol. 23). Neuropsychology. doi:doi:10.1037/a0012850 Brooks, B., Sherman, E., Iverson, G., Slick, D. J., & Strauss, E. (2011). sychometric foundations for the interpretation of neuropsychological test results. In J. Glenn, & M. Schoenberg, The little black book of neuropsychology: A syndrome-based approach (pp. 893-992). New York: Springer. doi:https://psycnet.apa.org/doi/10.1007/978-0-387-76978-3_16 Crawford, J. R., Garthwaite, P. H., & Gault, C. B. (2007). Estimating the percentage of the population With abnormally low scores (or abnormally large score differences) on standardized neuropsychological test batteries: A generic method with applications. Neuropsychology, 21(4), 419-430. doi:10.1037/0894-4105.21.4.419 Decker, S., Schneider, J., & Hale, J. (2012). Estimating base rates of impairment in neuropsychological test batteries: a comparison of quantitative models. Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology, 27, 69–84. doi:10.1093/arclin/acr088 Duarte, L. (2017). Lenguaje, memoria y habilidades visuoconstructivas en el envejecimiento normal: Datos normativos con la Batería Neuronorma Colombia (Tesis de maestría). Bogotá, Colombia: Universidad Nacional de Colombia. Retrieved from http://www.bdigital.unal.edu.co/56804/ Duff, K. (2012). Evidence-based indicators of neuropsychological change in the individual patient: Relevant concepts and methods. Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology, 27(3), 248-261. doi:10.1093/arclin/acr120 Espitia, A. (2017). Funciones ejecutivas en el envejecimiento normal: Datos normativos con la batería Neuronorma.Colombia (Tesis de maestría). Bogotá, Colombia: Universidad Nacional de Colombia. Retrieved from http://www.bdigital.unal.edu.co/56861/ Fellows, R., & Schmitter-Edgecombe, M. (2015). Between-domain cognitive dispersion and functional abilities in older adults. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology, 37(10), 1013-1023. doi:10.1080/13803395.2015.1050360 Frerichs, R., & Tuokko, H. (2005). A comparison of methods for measuring cognitive change in older adults. Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology, 20(3), 321-333. doi:10.1016/j.acn.2004.08.002 Glaros, A., & Kline, R. (1988). Understanding the accuracy of tests with cutting scores: The sensitivity, specificity, and predictive value model. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 44(6), 1013-1023. doi:10.1002/1097-4679(198811)44:6<1013::AID-JCLP2270440627>3.0.CO;2-Z Godefroy, O., Fickl, A., Roussel, M., Auribault, C., Bugnicourt, J. M., Lamy, C., . . . Petitnicolas, G. (2011). Is the Montreal Cognitive Assessment superior to the Mini-Mental State Examination to detect poststroke cognitive impairment? A study with neuropsychological evaluation. Stroke, 42, 1712-1716. doi:10.1161/STROKEAHA.110.606277 Hebben, N., & Milberg, W. (2009). Essentials of neuropsychological assessment (Second ed.). Hoboken, New Jersey: John Wiley & Sons. Retrieved from https://www.wiley.com/en- us/Essentials+of+Neuropsychological+Assessment-p-9780471215899 Hinton-Bayre, A. (2010). Deriving reliable change statistics from test–retest normative data: Comparison of models and mathematical expressions. Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology, 25(3), 244-256. doi:10.1093/arclin/acq008 Huizenga, H., Agelink van Rentergem, J., Grasman, R., Muslimovic, D., & Schmand, B. (2016). Normative comparisons for large neuropsychological test batteries: User-friendly and sensitive solutions to minimize familywise false positives. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology, 38(6), 611-629. doi:10.1080/13803395.2015.1132299 Iverson, G., Brooks, B., Langenecker, S., & Young, A. (2011). Identifying a cognitive impairment subgroup in adults with mood disorders. Journal of Affective Disorders, 132, 360–367. doi:10.1016/j.jad.2011.03.001 Jurado, M., & Pueyo, R. (2012). Doing and reporting a neuropsychological assessment. International Journal of Clinical and Health Psychology, 12(1), 123-141. Retrieved from https://www.redalyc.org/pdf/337/33723707009.pdf Kahneman, D. (2011). Thinking fast and slow. London: Penguin Group. Retrieved from https://www.penguin.co.uk/books/563/56314/thinking--fast-and-slow/9780141033570.html Kent, P., & Hancock, M. (2016). Interpretation of dichotomous outcomes: sensitivity, specificity, likelihood ratios, and pre-test and post-test probability. Journal of Physiotherapy, 62(4), 231-233. doi:10.1016/j.jphys.2016.08.008 Mercier, H. (2017). Confirmation bias - Myside bias. In R. F. Pohl (Ed.), Cognitive illusions: Intriguing phenomena in thinking, judgment and memory (Second ed., pp. 99-114). New York: Routledge. Mistridis, P., Egli, S. C., Iverson, G. L., Berres, M., Willmes, K., Welsh-Bohmer, K. A., & Monsch, A. U. (2015). Considering the base rates of low performance in cognitively healthy older adults improves the accuracy to identify neurocognitive impairment with the Consortium to Establish a Registry for Alzheimer’s DiseaseNeuropsychological Assessment Battery. European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience, 265, 07–417. doi:10.1007/s00406-014-0571-z Nickerson, R. S. (1998). Confirmation bias: A ubiquitous phenomenon in many guises. Review of General Psychology, 2(2), 175-220. doi:10.1037/1089-2680.2.2.175 Pardo, A., & Ferrer, R. (2013). Significación clínica: falsos positivos en la estimación del cambio individual. Anales de Psicología, 29(2), 301-310. doi:10.6018/analesps.29.2.139031 Ruff, R. M. (2003). A friendly critique of neuropsychology: facing the challenges of our future. Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology, 18(8), 847-864. doi:10.1016/j.acn.2003.07.002 Russell, E. W., Russell, S. L., & Hill, B. (2005). The fundamental psychometric status of neuropsychological batteries. Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology, 20(6), 785-794. doi:10.1016/j.acn.2005.05.001 Sánchez-Benavides, G., Peña-Casanova, J., Casals-Coll, M., Gramunt, N., Manero, R. M., Puig-Pijoan, A., . . . Blesa, R. (2016). One-year reference norms of cognitive change in spanish old adults: Data from the NEURONORMA sample. Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology, 31(4), 378-388. doi:10.1093/arclin/acw018 Slick, D. J. (2006). Psychometrics in neuropsychological assessment. In E. Strauss, E. M. Sherman, & O. Spreen (Eds.), A Compendium of neuropsychological tests: Administration, norms, and commentary (Third ed., pp. 3-32). New York: Oxford University Press. Sohlberg, M. M., & Mateer, C. A. (2001). Cognitive rehabilitation: An integrative neuropsychologcial approach. New York: The Guilford Press. Spores, J. M. (2013). Clinician’s guide to psychological assessment and testing: With forms and templates for effective practice. New York: Springer. Stein, J., Luppa, M., Brähler, E., König, H.-H., & Riedel-Heller, S. G. (2010). The assessment of changes in cognitive functioning: Reliable change indices for neuropsychological instruments in the elderly – A systematic review. Dementia and Geriatric Cognitive Disorders, 29(3), 275-286. doi:10.1159/000289779 Tanner-Eggen, C., Balzer, C., Perrig, W. J., & Gutbrod, K. (2015). The neuropsychological assessment of cognitive deficits considering measures of performance variability. Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology, 30, 217–227. doi:10.1093/arclin/acv008 Teigen, K. H. (2017). Judgments by representativeness. In R. F. Pohl (Ed.), Cognitive illusions: Intriguing phenomena in thinking, judgment and memory (Second ed.). Oxon, United Kingdom: Routledge. Thambirajah, M. S. (2005). Chapter 8: Psychological measurements: Their uses and misuses. In Psychological Basis of Psychiatry (pp. 181-201). New York: Churchill Livingstone. Urbina, S. (2014). Essentials of psychological testing (Second ed.). Hoboken, New Jersey: Wiley. Vakil, E. (2012). Neuropsychological assessment: Principles, rationale, and challenges. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology, 34(2), 135-150. doi:10.1080/13803395.2011.623121 Wanlass, R. L. (2012). The neuropsychology toolkit: Guidelines, formats, and language. New York: Springer. Watkins, M. W. (2009). Errors in diagnostic decision making and clinical judgment. In T. B. Gutkin, & C. R. Reynolds (Eds.), Handbook of School Psychology (Fourth ed., pp. 210-229). Hoboken, New Jersey: Wiley. Woods, S. P., Ludicello, J. E., Cobb Scott, J., & Grant, I. (2009). Neuropsychological methods in mental disorders research: illustrations from methamphetamine dependence. In S. J. Wood, N. B. Allen, & C. Pantelis (Eds.), The neuropsychology of mental illness (pp. 194- 205). Cambridge, United Kingdom: Cambridge University Press. Wright, A. J. (2011). Conducting psychological assessment: A guide for practitioners. Hoboken, New Jersey: John Wiley & Sons. |
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info:eu-repo/semantics/article |
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http://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_6501 |
| type_version |
info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion |
| type_coarversion |
http://purl.org/coar/version/c_970fb48d4fbd8a85 |
| type_content |
Text |
| publishDate |
2020-02-20 |
| date_accessioned |
2020-02-20T19:05:20Z |
| date_available |
2020-02-20T19:05:20Z |
| url |
https://reviberopsicologia.ibero.edu.co/article/view/rip.12203 |
| url_doi |
https://doi.org/10.33881/2027-1786.rip.12203 |
| issn |
2027-1786 |
| eissn |
2500-6517 |
| doi |
10.33881/2027-1786.rip.12203 |
| citationstartpage |
29 |
| citationendpage |
38 |
| url2_str_mv |
https://reviberopsicologia.ibero.edu.co/article/download/rip.12203/1504 |
| _version_ |
1811200156356313088 |