Titulo:
An Environmental Evaluation of the Cut-Flower Supply Chain (Dendranthema grandiflora) Through a Life Cycle Assessment
.
Sumario:
Colombia is a major flower exporter of a wide variety of species, among which the chrysanthemum plays a major role due to its exporting volume and profitability on the international market. This study examines the major environmental impacts of the chrysanthemum supply chain through a life cycle assessment (LCA). One kg of stems export quality was used as the functional unit (FU). The study examines cut-flowers systems from raw material extraction to final product commercialization for two markets (London and Miami) and analyzes two agroecosystems: one certified system and one uncertified system. The transport phase to London resulted in more significant environmental impacts than the transport phase to Miami, and climate change (GWP100) ca... Ver más
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1794-1237
2463-0950
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2019-01-20
27
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Revista EIA - 2019
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An Environmental Evaluation of the Cut-Flower Supply Chain (Dendranthema grandiflora) Through a Life Cycle Assessment An environmental evaluation of the cut-flower supply chain (Dendranthema grandiflora) through a life cycle assessment Colombia is a major flower exporter of a wide variety of species, among which the chrysanthemum plays a major role due to its exporting volume and profitability on the international market. This study examines the major environmental impacts of the chrysanthemum supply chain through a life cycle assessment (LCA). One kg of stems export quality was used as the functional unit (FU). The study examines cut-flowers systems from raw material extraction to final product commercialization for two markets (London and Miami) and analyzes two agroecosystems: one certified system and one uncertified system. The transport phase to London resulted in more significant environmental impacts than the transport phase to Miami, and climate change (GWP100) category was significant in both cities, generating values of 9.10E+00 and 2.51E+00 kg CO2-eq*FU for London and Miami, respectively. Furthermore, when exclusively considering pre-export phases, the uncertified system was found to have a greater impact than the certified system with respect to fertilizer use (certified 1,448E-02 kg*FU, uncertified 2.23E-01 kg*FU) and pesticide use (certified 1.24 E-04 kg*FU, uncertified 2.24E-03 kg*FU). With respect to the crop management, eutrophication (EP) and acidification (AP) processes imposed the greatest level of environmental impact. Strategies that would significantly reduce the environmental impact of this supply chain are considered, including the use of shipping and a 50% reduction in fertilizer use. Colombia is a major flower exporter of a wide variety of species, among which the chrysanthemum plays a major role due to its exporting volume and profitability on the international market. This study examines the major environmental impacts of the chrysanthemum supply chain through a life cycle assessment (LCA). One kg of stems export quality was used as the functional unit (FU). The study examines cut-flowers systems from raw material extraction to final product commercialization for two markets (London and Miami) and analyzes two agroecosystems: one certified system and one uncertified system. The transport phase to London resulted in more significant environmental impacts than the transport phase to Miami, and climate change (GWP100) category was significant in both cities, generating values of 9.10E+00 and 2.51E+00 kg CO2-eq*FU for London and Miami, respectively. Furthermore, when exclusively considering pre-export phases, the uncertified system was found to have a greater impact than the certified system with respect to fertilizer use (certified 1,448E-02 kg*FU, uncertified 2.23E-01 kg*FU) and pesticide use (certified 1.24 E-04 kg*FU, uncertified 2.24E-03 kg*FU). With respect to the crop management, eutrophication (EP) and acidification (AP) processes imposed the greatest level of environmental impact. Strategies that would significantly reduce the environmental impact of this supply chain are considered, including the use of shipping and a 50% reduction in fertilizer use. Moreno, Carmen Alicia Parrado Hernández, Ricardo Esteba Ricardo Arredondo, Héctor Iván Velásquez Castro, Sergio Hernando Lopera --, Christian Hasenstab Environmental analysis floriculture chrysanthemum energy certification systems agroecosystem Environmental analysis energy use Environmental analysis floriculture chrysanthemum energy certification systems agroecosystem Environmental impact energy flows 16 31 Artículo de revista Journal article 2019-01-20 00:00:00 2019-01-20 00:00:00 2019-01-20 application/pdf Fondo Editorial EIA - Universidad EIA Revista EIA 1794-1237 2463-0950 https://revistas.eia.edu.co/index.php/reveia/article/view/747 10.24050/reia.v16i31.747 https://doi.org/10.24050/reia.v16i31.747 spa https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/ Revista EIA - 2019 27 42 Audsley, E. 1997. Harmonisation of environmental life cycle assessment. European Commision DG VI Agriculture. Final report concerted action AIRCT94-2028. Baranowska, I., Barchańska, H. and Pyrsz, A. 2005.Distribution of pesticides and heavy metals in trophic chain. Chemosphere 60 (11), 1590–1599. doi:10.1016/j.chemosphere.2005.02.053 Blengini, G.A. and Busto, M., 2009. The life cycle of rice: LCA of alternative agri-food chain management systems in Vercelli (Italy). Journal of Environmental Management 90 (3), 512-1522. doi:10.1016/j.jenvman.2008.10.006 Bojacá, C. and Schrevens, E. 2010. Parameter uncertainty in LCA: stochastic sampling under correlation. The International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment 15, 3, 238-246. doi:10.1007/s11367-010-0150-0 Bojacá, C.R., Wyckhuys, K.A.G. and Schrevens, E. 2014. Life cycle assessment of Colombian greenhouse tomato production based on farmer-level survey data. Journal of Cleaner Production 69, 26-33. doi: 10.1016/j.jclepro.2014.01.078 Brentrup F., Kusters, J., Lammel, J. and Kuchlmann, H. (2000). Methods to estimate On-field Nitrogen emissions from crop production as an input to LCA studies in the agricultural sector. The International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment 5 (6), 349-357. doi: 10.1007/BF02978670 Guinée, J.B., Gorree, M., Heijungs, R., Huppes, G., Kleijn, R., De Koning, A., Wegener Sleeswijk, A., Suh, S., Udo de Haes, H.A., De Bruijn, J.A., Van Duin, R. and Huijbregts, M.A.J. 2002. Handbook on Life Cycle Assessment. Operational Guide to the ISO Standards. Kluwer, The Netherlands. doi: 10.1007/BF02978784 Hauschild, M., 2000. Estimating pesticide emissions for LCA of agricultural products. In: Weidama, B., Meeusen, M.J.G. (Eds.), Agricultural Data for Life Cycle Assessments, 2. LEI, The Hague, pp. 64–79 Heathwaite, L. (2000). Flows of phosphourous in the environment: identifying pathways of loss from agricultural land. In M. M. J. G. (Ed.), Agricultural data for Life Cycle Assessment, Volume 2. (pp. 25-38). The Hague: Agricultural Economics Research Institute (LEI). Hospido, A., Davis, J., Berlin, J. and Sonesson, U. 2010.A review of methodological issues affecting LCA of novel food products. The International Journal of Life cycle assessment 15, 44–52. doi: 10.1007/s11367-009-0130-4 ISO 14040, 2006. Environmental managementelife cycle assessment e principles and framework. Iriarte, A., Rieradevall, J. and Gabarrell, X. 2010. Life cycle assessment of sunflower and rapeseed as energy crops Ander Chilean conditions. Journal of Cleaner Production 18, 336-345. doi: 10.1016/j.jclepro.2009.11.004 Landis, A., Miller, S. and Theis, T. 2007. Life cycle of the corn–soybean agroecosystem for biobased production. Environmental Science and Technology, 41 (4), 1457–1464. doi: 10.1021/es0606125 Medina, A. Cooman, A., Parrado, C.A. and Schrevens, E. 2006. Evaluation of energy use and some environmental impacts for greenhouse tomato production in the high altitude tropics. Acta Hort, 718, 415-422. Mourad, A., Coltro, L., Oliveira, PAPLV, Kletecke, R.M, Baddini, J. 2007. A Simple Methodology for Elaborating the Life Cycle Inventory of Agricultural Products. The International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment 12, 6, 408-413. doi: 10.1065/lca2006.09.272. Michael, D. 2011. Life Cycle Assessment of Waxflowers (Chamelaucium spp.). Australian Life Cycle Assessment Society (ALCAS) Conference. 9 p. Murty, K.G. 2000. Greenhouse Gas Pollution in the Stratosphere Due to Increasing Airplane Traffic, Effects on Environment. Department of Industrial and Operations Engineering, University of Michigan, 5 p. Ntiamoah, A. and Afrane, G.2008. Environmental impacts of cocoa production and processing in Ghana: life cycle assessment approach. Journal of Cleaner Production 16, 1735-1740. Doi: 10.1016/j.jclepro.2007.11.004. Panichelli, L. 2006. Análisis de ciclo de Vida (ACV) de la producción de biodiesel (B100) en argentina. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Buenos Aires, 90 p. Parrado, C.A and Leiva, F. 2011. Huella de Carbono (HC) en cadenas de suministro de flores de corte colombianas, rosas y claveles, para mercados internacionales. Revista Asocolflores 77, 26-33. Parrado, C.A. and Bojacá C.R. 2009. Environmental impact of greenhouse tomato production strategies using life cycle assessment approach. Acta Hort. 821,125-132. Pervanchon, F., Bockstallerb, C. and Girardin, P. 2002. Assessment of energy use in arable farming systems by means of an agro-ecological indicator: the energy indicator. Agricultural Systems 72, 149-172. doi:10.1016/S0308-521X(01)00073-7 Queiroz, A.G.,França, L. and Ponte, M.X. 2012.The life cycle assessment of biodiesel from palm oil “dendeˆ” in the Amazon. Biomass and Bioenergy 36, 50-59. doi:10.1016/j.biombioe.2011.10.007 Roy, P., Nei, D., Orikasa, T., Xu, Q. and Okadome, H. 2009. A review of life cycle assessment (LCA) on some food products. Journal of Food Engineering 90, 1-10. doi:10.1016/j.jfoodeng.2008.06.016. Sahle, A. and Potting, J. 2013. Environmental life cycle assessment of Ethiopian rose cultivation. Science of The Total Environment 443,163-172. doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2012.10.048 Shau, E.M. and Fet, A.M. 2008. LCA studies of food products as background for environmental product declarations. The International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment 13, 255-264. doi: 10.1065/lca2007.12.372 Udo de Haes, H.A., Jolliet O., Finnveden G., Hauschild M., Krewitt W. and Müller-Wenk R. 1999. Best available practice regarding impact categories and category indicators in life cycle impact assessment, Background Document for the Second Working Group on Life Cycle Impact Assessment of SETACEurope (WIA-2). The International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment 4 (3), 167- 174. doi: 10.1007/BF02979453 Vringer, K. and Blok, K. 2000.The energy requirement of cut flowers and consumer options to reduce it. Resources, Conservation and Recycling 28, 3-28. doi:10.1016/S0921-3449(99)00024-5 Walter, C. and Hartmut, H. 2009. A new method for assessing the sustainability of land-use systems (I): Identifying the relevant issues. Ecological Economics 68, 1275-1287. doi:10.1016/j.ecolecon.2008.11.016 Weidema B. and Meeusen M. (Eds.). 2000. Agricultural data for life cycle assessment, vol. II. The Hague: Agricultural Economics Research Institute. 169 p. Williams, A. 2007. Comparative Study of Cut Roses for the British Market Produced in Kenya and the Netherlands. Report for World Flowers, 7 p. Yañez, E., Silva, E., Da Costa, R. and Andrade, E. 2007.The energy balance in the Palm Oil-Derived Methyl Ester (PME) life cycle for the cases in Brazil and Colombia. Renewable Energy 34, 2905-291. doi: doi:10.1016/j.renene.2009.05.007. https://revistas.eia.edu.co/index.php/reveia/article/download/747/1217 info:eu-repo/semantics/article http://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_6501 http://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_2df8fbb1 http://purl.org/redcol/resource_type/ART info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion http://purl.org/coar/version/c_970fb48d4fbd8a85 info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess http://purl.org/coar/access_right/c_abf2 Text Publication |
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UNIVERSIDAD EIA |
| thumbnail |
https://nuevo.metarevistas.org/UNIVERSIDADEIA/logo.png |
| country_str |
Colombia |
| collection |
Revista EIA |
| title |
An Environmental Evaluation of the Cut-Flower Supply Chain (Dendranthema grandiflora) Through a Life Cycle Assessment |
| spellingShingle |
An Environmental Evaluation of the Cut-Flower Supply Chain (Dendranthema grandiflora) Through a Life Cycle Assessment Moreno, Carmen Alicia Parrado Hernández, Ricardo Esteba Ricardo Arredondo, Héctor Iván Velásquez Castro, Sergio Hernando Lopera --, Christian Hasenstab Environmental analysis floriculture chrysanthemum energy certification systems agroecosystem Environmental analysis energy use Environmental analysis floriculture chrysanthemum energy certification systems agroecosystem Environmental impact energy flows |
| title_short |
An Environmental Evaluation of the Cut-Flower Supply Chain (Dendranthema grandiflora) Through a Life Cycle Assessment |
| title_full |
An Environmental Evaluation of the Cut-Flower Supply Chain (Dendranthema grandiflora) Through a Life Cycle Assessment |
| title_fullStr |
An Environmental Evaluation of the Cut-Flower Supply Chain (Dendranthema grandiflora) Through a Life Cycle Assessment |
| title_full_unstemmed |
An Environmental Evaluation of the Cut-Flower Supply Chain (Dendranthema grandiflora) Through a Life Cycle Assessment |
| title_sort |
environmental evaluation of the cut-flower supply chain (dendranthema grandiflora) through a life cycle assessment |
| title_eng |
An environmental evaluation of the cut-flower supply chain (Dendranthema grandiflora) through a life cycle assessment |
| description |
Colombia is a major flower exporter of a wide variety of species, among which the chrysanthemum plays a major role due to its exporting volume and profitability on the international market. This study examines the major environmental impacts of the chrysanthemum supply chain through a life cycle assessment (LCA). One kg of stems export quality was used as the functional unit (FU). The study examines cut-flowers systems from raw material extraction to final product commercialization for two markets (London and Miami) and analyzes two agroecosystems: one certified system and one uncertified system. The transport phase to London resulted in more significant environmental impacts than the transport phase to Miami, and climate change (GWP100) category was significant in both cities, generating values of 9.10E+00 and 2.51E+00 kg CO2-eq*FU for London and Miami, respectively. Furthermore, when exclusively considering pre-export phases, the uncertified system was found to have a greater impact than the certified system with respect to fertilizer use (certified 1,448E-02 kg*FU, uncertified 2.23E-01 kg*FU) and pesticide use (certified 1.24 E-04 kg*FU, uncertified 2.24E-03 kg*FU). With respect to the crop management, eutrophication (EP) and acidification (AP) processes imposed the greatest level of environmental impact. Strategies that would significantly reduce the environmental impact of this supply chain are considered, including the use of shipping and a 50% reduction in fertilizer use.
|
| description_eng |
Colombia is a major flower exporter of a wide variety of species, among which the chrysanthemum plays a major role due to its exporting volume and profitability on the international market. This study examines the major environmental impacts of the chrysanthemum supply chain through a life cycle assessment (LCA). One kg of stems export quality was used as the functional unit (FU). The study examines cut-flowers systems from raw material extraction to final product commercialization for two markets (London and Miami) and analyzes two agroecosystems: one certified system and one uncertified system. The transport phase to London resulted in more significant environmental impacts than the transport phase to Miami, and climate change (GWP100) category was significant in both cities, generating values of 9.10E+00 and 2.51E+00 kg CO2-eq*FU for London and Miami, respectively. Furthermore, when exclusively considering pre-export phases, the uncertified system was found to have a greater impact than the certified system with respect to fertilizer use (certified 1,448E-02 kg*FU, uncertified 2.23E-01 kg*FU) and pesticide use (certified 1.24 E-04 kg*FU, uncertified 2.24E-03 kg*FU). With respect to the crop management, eutrophication (EP) and acidification (AP) processes imposed the greatest level of environmental impact. Strategies that would significantly reduce the environmental impact of this supply chain are considered, including the use of shipping and a 50% reduction in fertilizer use.
|
| author |
Moreno, Carmen Alicia Parrado Hernández, Ricardo Esteba Ricardo Arredondo, Héctor Iván Velásquez Castro, Sergio Hernando Lopera --, Christian Hasenstab |
| author_facet |
Moreno, Carmen Alicia Parrado Hernández, Ricardo Esteba Ricardo Arredondo, Héctor Iván Velásquez Castro, Sergio Hernando Lopera --, Christian Hasenstab |
| topic |
Environmental analysis floriculture chrysanthemum energy certification systems agroecosystem Environmental analysis energy use Environmental analysis floriculture chrysanthemum energy certification systems agroecosystem Environmental impact energy flows |
| topic_facet |
Environmental analysis floriculture chrysanthemum energy certification systems agroecosystem Environmental analysis energy use Environmental analysis floriculture chrysanthemum energy certification systems agroecosystem Environmental impact energy flows |
| topicspa_str_mv |
Environmental analysis floriculture chrysanthemum energy certification systems agroecosystem Environmental impact energy flows |
| citationvolume |
16 |
| citationissue |
31 |
| publisher |
Fondo Editorial EIA - Universidad EIA |
| ispartofjournal |
Revista EIA |
| source |
https://revistas.eia.edu.co/index.php/reveia/article/view/747 |
| language |
spa |
| format |
Article |
| rights |
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/ Revista EIA - 2019 info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess http://purl.org/coar/access_right/c_abf2 |
| references |
Audsley, E. 1997. Harmonisation of environmental life cycle assessment. European Commision DG VI Agriculture. Final report concerted action AIRCT94-2028. Baranowska, I., Barchańska, H. and Pyrsz, A. 2005.Distribution of pesticides and heavy metals in trophic chain. Chemosphere 60 (11), 1590–1599. doi:10.1016/j.chemosphere.2005.02.053 Blengini, G.A. and Busto, M., 2009. The life cycle of rice: LCA of alternative agri-food chain management systems in Vercelli (Italy). Journal of Environmental Management 90 (3), 512-1522. doi:10.1016/j.jenvman.2008.10.006 Bojacá, C. and Schrevens, E. 2010. Parameter uncertainty in LCA: stochastic sampling under correlation. The International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment 15, 3, 238-246. doi:10.1007/s11367-010-0150-0 Bojacá, C.R., Wyckhuys, K.A.G. and Schrevens, E. 2014. Life cycle assessment of Colombian greenhouse tomato production based on farmer-level survey data. Journal of Cleaner Production 69, 26-33. doi: 10.1016/j.jclepro.2014.01.078 Brentrup F., Kusters, J., Lammel, J. and Kuchlmann, H. (2000). Methods to estimate On-field Nitrogen emissions from crop production as an input to LCA studies in the agricultural sector. The International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment 5 (6), 349-357. doi: 10.1007/BF02978670 Guinée, J.B., Gorree, M., Heijungs, R., Huppes, G., Kleijn, R., De Koning, A., Wegener Sleeswijk, A., Suh, S., Udo de Haes, H.A., De Bruijn, J.A., Van Duin, R. and Huijbregts, M.A.J. 2002. Handbook on Life Cycle Assessment. Operational Guide to the ISO Standards. Kluwer, The Netherlands. doi: 10.1007/BF02978784 Hauschild, M., 2000. Estimating pesticide emissions for LCA of agricultural products. In: Weidama, B., Meeusen, M.J.G. (Eds.), Agricultural Data for Life Cycle Assessments, 2. LEI, The Hague, pp. 64–79 Heathwaite, L. (2000). Flows of phosphourous in the environment: identifying pathways of loss from agricultural land. In M. M. J. G. (Ed.), Agricultural data for Life Cycle Assessment, Volume 2. (pp. 25-38). The Hague: Agricultural Economics Research Institute (LEI). Hospido, A., Davis, J., Berlin, J. and Sonesson, U. 2010.A review of methodological issues affecting LCA of novel food products. The International Journal of Life cycle assessment 15, 44–52. doi: 10.1007/s11367-009-0130-4 ISO 14040, 2006. Environmental managementelife cycle assessment e principles and framework. Iriarte, A., Rieradevall, J. and Gabarrell, X. 2010. Life cycle assessment of sunflower and rapeseed as energy crops Ander Chilean conditions. Journal of Cleaner Production 18, 336-345. doi: 10.1016/j.jclepro.2009.11.004 Landis, A., Miller, S. and Theis, T. 2007. Life cycle of the corn–soybean agroecosystem for biobased production. Environmental Science and Technology, 41 (4), 1457–1464. doi: 10.1021/es0606125 Medina, A. Cooman, A., Parrado, C.A. and Schrevens, E. 2006. Evaluation of energy use and some environmental impacts for greenhouse tomato production in the high altitude tropics. Acta Hort, 718, 415-422. Mourad, A., Coltro, L., Oliveira, PAPLV, Kletecke, R.M, Baddini, J. 2007. A Simple Methodology for Elaborating the Life Cycle Inventory of Agricultural Products. The International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment 12, 6, 408-413. doi: 10.1065/lca2006.09.272. Michael, D. 2011. Life Cycle Assessment of Waxflowers (Chamelaucium spp.). Australian Life Cycle Assessment Society (ALCAS) Conference. 9 p. Murty, K.G. 2000. Greenhouse Gas Pollution in the Stratosphere Due to Increasing Airplane Traffic, Effects on Environment. Department of Industrial and Operations Engineering, University of Michigan, 5 p. Ntiamoah, A. and Afrane, G.2008. Environmental impacts of cocoa production and processing in Ghana: life cycle assessment approach. Journal of Cleaner Production 16, 1735-1740. Doi: 10.1016/j.jclepro.2007.11.004. Panichelli, L. 2006. Análisis de ciclo de Vida (ACV) de la producción de biodiesel (B100) en argentina. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Buenos Aires, 90 p. Parrado, C.A and Leiva, F. 2011. Huella de Carbono (HC) en cadenas de suministro de flores de corte colombianas, rosas y claveles, para mercados internacionales. Revista Asocolflores 77, 26-33. Parrado, C.A. and Bojacá C.R. 2009. Environmental impact of greenhouse tomato production strategies using life cycle assessment approach. Acta Hort. 821,125-132. Pervanchon, F., Bockstallerb, C. and Girardin, P. 2002. Assessment of energy use in arable farming systems by means of an agro-ecological indicator: the energy indicator. Agricultural Systems 72, 149-172. doi:10.1016/S0308-521X(01)00073-7 Queiroz, A.G.,França, L. and Ponte, M.X. 2012.The life cycle assessment of biodiesel from palm oil “dendeˆ” in the Amazon. Biomass and Bioenergy 36, 50-59. doi:10.1016/j.biombioe.2011.10.007 Roy, P., Nei, D., Orikasa, T., Xu, Q. and Okadome, H. 2009. A review of life cycle assessment (LCA) on some food products. Journal of Food Engineering 90, 1-10. doi:10.1016/j.jfoodeng.2008.06.016. Sahle, A. and Potting, J. 2013. Environmental life cycle assessment of Ethiopian rose cultivation. Science of The Total Environment 443,163-172. doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2012.10.048 Shau, E.M. and Fet, A.M. 2008. LCA studies of food products as background for environmental product declarations. The International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment 13, 255-264. doi: 10.1065/lca2007.12.372 Udo de Haes, H.A., Jolliet O., Finnveden G., Hauschild M., Krewitt W. and Müller-Wenk R. 1999. Best available practice regarding impact categories and category indicators in life cycle impact assessment, Background Document for the Second Working Group on Life Cycle Impact Assessment of SETACEurope (WIA-2). The International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment 4 (3), 167- 174. doi: 10.1007/BF02979453 Vringer, K. and Blok, K. 2000.The energy requirement of cut flowers and consumer options to reduce it. Resources, Conservation and Recycling 28, 3-28. doi:10.1016/S0921-3449(99)00024-5 Walter, C. and Hartmut, H. 2009. A new method for assessing the sustainability of land-use systems (I): Identifying the relevant issues. Ecological Economics 68, 1275-1287. doi:10.1016/j.ecolecon.2008.11.016 Weidema B. and Meeusen M. (Eds.). 2000. Agricultural data for life cycle assessment, vol. II. The Hague: Agricultural Economics Research Institute. 169 p. Williams, A. 2007. Comparative Study of Cut Roses for the British Market Produced in Kenya and the Netherlands. Report for World Flowers, 7 p. Yañez, E., Silva, E., Da Costa, R. and Andrade, E. 2007.The energy balance in the Palm Oil-Derived Methyl Ester (PME) life cycle for the cases in Brazil and Colombia. Renewable Energy 34, 2905-291. doi: doi:10.1016/j.renene.2009.05.007. |
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